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剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析pdf 剑桥雅思四阅读答案篇一
reading passage 1
you should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13 which are based on reading passage 1 below.
lost for words
many minority languages are on the danger list
in the native american navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the american south-west, the native language is dying. most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. although many students take classes in navajo, the schools are run in english. street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in english. not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.
navajo is far from alone. half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten days. never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘at the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says mark pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the university of reading. ‘it’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’
isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. it is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. what makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. if it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. the critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to michael krauss, director of the alassk native language center, in fairbanks.
why do people reject the language of their parents? it begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says nicholas ostler, of britain’s foundation for endangered languages, in bath. ‘people lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘when the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’
the change is not always voluntary. quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. the former us policy of running indian reservation schools in english, for example, effectively put languages such as navajo on the danger list. but salikoko mufwene, who chairs the linguistics department at the university of chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘native americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he says. ‘they cannot refuse to speak english if most commercial activity is in english.’ but are languages worth saving? at the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. when an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.
language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘if a person shifts from navajo to english, they lose something,’ mufwene says. ‘moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says pagel. there is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks french, for instance,’ pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘the patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’
so despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. but a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘the key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says doug whalen, founder and president of the endangered language fund in new haven, connecticut. ‘most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. in new zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of maori and rekindled interest in the language. a similar approach in hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of polynesian languages in the past few years. in california, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a native american tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. after about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next generation. but mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says.
however, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. there are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. but a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.
questions 1-4
complete the summary below.
choose no more than two words from the passage for each answer.
write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
there are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. this great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . but in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2…… are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. one factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . this has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4…… . some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.’
questions 5-9
look at the following statements (questions 5-9) and the list of people in the box below. match each statement with the correct person a-e.
write the appropriate letter a-e in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
nb you may use any letter more than once.
5 endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language.
6 saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.
7 the way we think may be determined by our language.
8 young people often reject the established way of life in their community.
9 a change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.
a michael krauss
b salikoko mufwene
c nicholas ostler
d mark pagel
e doug whalen
questions 10-13
do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in reading passage 1?
in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet write
yes if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
no if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
not given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
10 the navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.
11 a large number of native speakers fail to guarantee the survival of a language.
12 national governments could do more to protect endangered languages.
13 the loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.
reading passage 2
you should spend about 20 minutes on questions 14-26 which are based on reading passage 2 below.
alternative medicine in australia
the first students to study alternative medicine at university level in australia began their four-year, full-time course at the university of technology, sydney, in early 1994. their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. the theory they learnt is based on the traditional chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘qi’ or energy through pathways in the body. this course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.
australia has been unusual in the western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to dr paul laver, a lecturer in public health at the university of sydney. ‘we’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and i guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’ in many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for years. in europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. in germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $us 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.
disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. in a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. by 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. the 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to dr laver and colleagues writing in the australian journal of public health in 1993. ‘a better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘the high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’
rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. part of the incentive was financial, dr laver said. ‘the bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. if they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’
in 1993, dr laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in sydney. these practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief. they commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. the cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. an increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. dr patrick store, president of the royal college of general practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.
according to the australian journal of public health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.
the survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.
questions 14 and 15
choose the correct letter, a, b c or d.
write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer sheet.
14 traditionally, how have australian doctors differed from doctors in many western countries?
a they have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.
b they have often worked alongside other therapists.
c they have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.
d they have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.
15 in 1990, americans
a were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.
b consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.
c spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.
d made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.
questions 16-23
do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in reading passage 2?
in boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet write
yes if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
no if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
not given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
16 australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.
17 between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.
18 the 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.
19 in the past, australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.
20 some australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.
21 alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
22 the 1993 sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.
23 all the patients in the 1993 sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.
questions 24-26
complete the vertical axis on the table below.
choose no more than three words from reading passage 2 for answer.
write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
reading passage 3
you should ,spend about 20 minutes on questions 27-40 which are based on reading passage 3 below
play is a serious business
does play help develop bigger, better brains?
bryant furlow investigates
a playing is a serious business. children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. for a start, play can even cost animals their lives. eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. it is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘even two or three per cent is huge,’ says john byers of idaho university. ‘you just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he adds. there must be a reason.
b but if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? the latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. in other words, playing makes you intelligent. playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest. a popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.
c take the exercise theory. if play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. but byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘if the function of play was to get into shape,’ says byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. but it doesn’t work like that.’ across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.
d then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. at first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. but a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too simplistic. in one study, behavioural ecologist tim caro, from the university of california, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. he found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.
e earlier this year, sergio pellis of lethbridge university, canada, reported that there is a
passage 1
参考译文
lost for words
many minority languages are on the danger list
语言的消失
——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝
in the native american navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the american south-west, the native language is dying. most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. although many students take classes in navajo, the schools are run in english. street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in english. not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.
对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。大多数说那瓦霍语的人要么是中年人，要么就是垂垂老者。尽管有许多学生都在学习该门语言，可是学校却是用英文授课的。路牌、超市商品说明、甚至报纸全部是英文的。因此语言学家怀疑在百年之后还会不会有人会说这门语言也就不足为奇了。
navajo is far from alone. half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten days. never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘at the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says mark pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the university of reading. ‘it’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’
那瓦霍语决不是惟一会有此厄运的语言。再经历两代人的时间，全球6,800种语言当中的半数就有可能从世界上彻底消失——这就相当于平均每十天就有一种语言消失。地球上语言的多样性从未以如此惊人的速度降低过。“现在，我们面临的将是两三种语言支配整个世界。”雷丁大学的进化生物学家marl pagel说，“这就是(语言的)大规模灭绝，而且我们很难知道能否从这种语言灭绝当中恢复过来。”
isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. it is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. what makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. if it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. the critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to michael krauss, director of the alassk native language center, in fairbanks.
封闭产生了语言的多样性。结果整个世界就布满了只有几个人说的语言。只有250种语言拥有超过100万的使用者，而至少有3,000种语言使用者不足2,500人。那些行将消失的小语种并非命该如此。尽管仍有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，但这种语言还是上了濒危名单。判断一种语言是否濒危的标准不是使用者的数量，而是使用者的年龄。如果一种语言是孩子们在使用，就会相对安全些。用费尔班克斯alassk语言中心的主任micheal krauss的话说就是，真正面临灭绝之灾的是那些只有老年人才懂得说的语言。
why do people reject the language of their parents? it begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says nicholas ostler, of britain’s foundation for endangered languages, in bath. ‘people lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘when the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’
可人们为什么拒绝说他们父母的语言呢?这一切都始于一场信任危机。bath英国濒危语言基金会成员nicholas ostler说：“当一个小规模社会发现自己与一个大规模，更富有的社会并肩而存的时候，其成员就会对自己的文化丧失信心。当这个社会的下一代进人青春期的时候，他们很可能不会接受(包括语言在内的)传统事物。”
the change is not always voluntary. quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. the former us policy of running indian reservation schools in english, for example, effectively put languages such as navajo on the danger list. but salikoko mufwene, who chairs the linguistics department at the university of chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘native americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he says. ‘they cannot refuse to speak english if most commercial activity is in english.’ but are languages worth saving? at the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. when an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.
这种转变往往不是自发的。为了加强国家凝聚力，政府通常会通过在公共场合禁用，以及在学校中不提倡使用的方法，消灭少数民族语言。例如，以前美国政府在印地安保留地学校推行英语授课政策，这事实上就是将那瓦霍语等少数语言推上了濒危名单。但是芝加哥大学语言学系系主任salikoko mufwene认为，最致命的原因并不是政府政策，而是经济的全球化。他说，“美国印地安人并没有失去对他们自己语言的信心，但是他们不得不去适应社会经济压力。如果大多数生意都是用英语来谈的，他们就不能拒绝说英语，但是，濒危语言就真的值得去挽救吗?至少，对于语言及其进化研究来讲，(不去挽救)就会导致资料的缺失，因为该研究正是基于对现存的和过去的语言的比较而进行的。当一门既无文字记录也无录音考证的语言消失时，对于科学(研究)来讲，它也就不存在了。
language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘if a person shifts from navajo to english, they lose something,’ mufwene says. ‘moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says pagel. there is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks french, for instance,’ pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘the patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’
语言与文化也有千丝万缕的联系，因此要想单纯保存语言而不保留文化是非常困难的。“如果一个本来说那瓦霍语的人现在要改说英语，那么他准得失去点东西。”mufwene说道，pagel也评价道，“而且，语言多样性的丧失也使我们无法以多种方式来看待这个世界。”越来越多的证据表明，学习一门语言可以为大脑带来生理上的变化。“比如说，你我的大脑与说法语人的大脑就十分不同，”page说，这是会影响我们的思维和看法的。“我们针对不同的概念建立了不同的模式和联系，这很可能就是由我们社会的语言习惯构筑而成的。”
so despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. but a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘the key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says doug whalen, founder and president of the endangered language fund in new haven, connecticut. ‘most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. in new zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of maori and rekindled interest in the language. a similar approach in hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of polynesian languages in the past few years. in california, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a native american tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. after about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next generation. but mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says.
所以，尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。但是，一种对文化认同感越来越多的关注，也许会阻止最骇人的预言成为现实。“保持语言多样性的关键在于，让人们接受主流语言的同时，也去学习他们祖先的语言。”康那狄格州纽黑文市濒危语言基金会主席doug whalen说道，“如果不实行双语制度，大多数濒危语言都无法生存下去。”在新西兰，为孩子们开设的课程明显减轻了毛利语所受的损害，并且重新燃起了人们对该语言的兴趣。在夏威夷，一种相似的方式使波利尼西亚语的使用者在过去数年中增长了8,000人。在加利福尼亚州，“学徒”计划使得数种土著语言得以生存。“学徒”志愿者与某种印地安语的最后一些使用者中的一位组成小组，学习如编织篮子这样的传统工艺，当然交流全部都是用印地安语。通常，经过300个小时的训练后，他们就可以流利地说了，其流利程度足以将这种语言传给他们的子女。但是mufwene指出，避免语言消失并不等同于通过每天的使用赋予其新的生命。他指出，“保存语言更像用罐子保存水果。”
however, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. there are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. but a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.
然而，通过保存的确可以使一门语言起死回生。已经有例子表明，有些语言通过文字记录被保存了下来，而且还在后代中得以复兴。当然，文字记录是这其中的关键。因此，单单是这种语言复兴的可能性，就使得很多说濒危语言的人试图去创造本来并不存在的文字系统。
passage 2
参考译文
alternative medicine in australia
澳大利亚的另类疗法
the first students to study alternative medicine at university level in australia began their four-year, full-time course at the university of technology, sydney, in early 1994. their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. the theory they learnt is based on the traditional chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘qi’ or energy through pathways in the body. this course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.
1994年初，澳大利亚第一批另类疗法学生在悉尼科技大学开始了他们为期四年的全职课程。除了学习其他一些疗法之外，他们的课程还包括针灸术，他们所学的理论基于中国古代对这门古老疗法的解释：那就是针灸可以调节“气”或能量在人体神经系统中的流通。这门课程足以反映另类疗法在争取医疗机构认同的斗争中所取得的成果。
australia has been unusual in the western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to dr paul laver, a lecturer in public health at the university of sydney. ‘we’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and i guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’ in many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for years. in europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. in germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $us 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.
由于对自然或另类疗法所采取的极端保守态度，澳大利亚在西方国家中独树一帜。悉尼大学公共健康系博士paul laver评价道：“我们有个传统，医生是相当权威的，我猜他们很不愿意让那些觊觎他们位置的冒牌货得逞。”在其他许多工业国家里，正统医生和另类医师早已亲密无间地合作多年了。在欧洲，只有正统医生才可以开草药。在德国，草药占了药品销售额的10%。1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多，而每年，他们花在未经科学测试的疗法上的钱竟髙达约120亿美元。
disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. in a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. by 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. the 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to dr laver and colleagues writing in the australian journal of public health in 1993. ‘a better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘the high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’
在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信，另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。在1983年进行的全国健康调査中，有1.9%的人说此前两周内曾经去看过按摩师、理疗家、整骨医师、针灸医生或草药医生。到了1990年，这个数字已经攀升到澳大利亚人口的2.6%。根据laver博士和他的同事们刊登在1993年《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》上的报道：在1990年调査中，另类疗法医生进行了55万次诊断，这个数字几乎占了调查中所有医疗诊断的八分之一。“总体而言，受过良好教育又不那么轻信的民众已经对专家失望了，而且对科学和经验主义知识已经越来越怀疑了，”博士们说，“结果，包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。”
rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. part of the incentive was financial, dr laver said. ‘the bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. if they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’
越来越多的澳大利亚医生，特别是那些年轻一些的医师，非但没有抵制或是批判这样一个潮流，反而开始与另类疗法医师联合开业，或是干脆自己去学习相关课程，尤其是针灸和草药医学。laver博士说，部分动机当然是出于经济考虑。“关键在于大多数全科医生都是商人。如果他们看到潜在的客户去别处看病，他们就想也要能提供类似的服务。”
in 1993, dr laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in sydney. these practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief. they commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. the cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. an increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. dr. patrick store, president of the royal college of general practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.
1993年，laver博士和他的同事们发表了一项调查报告，报告包括289名曾到8家另类疗法诊所寻求治疗的悉尼市民。这些诊所共有25名另类治疗师，提供相当广泛的另类疗法。接受调查的人都患有慢性疾病，正统疗法治疗对这些疾病的效果微乎其微。病人们评价说他们喜欢另类疗法医师所采取的全面的治疗手段，也喜欢那里友善热情、细致入微的关怀。这次调査揭示了正统医生的冷漠态度。病人从诊所中大批离去，加上其他一些相关的全国性调查的结果，矛头直指正统医生的不足之处，这就使得他们开始承认应该学习一下另类疗法医师的亲切态度。就连皇家医学院的patrik stone博士也赞同说，正统医生应该多学习另类疗法医师对待病人的态度，还有他们给病人的预防建议。
according to the australian journal of public health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.
根据《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》，18%的病人因为得了肌肉骨骼方面的疾病而去看另类医师;12%的人则是因为消化系统疾病，这个数字只比因为感情问题而去就医的人多1个百分点。呼吸系统疾病患者和假丝酵母过敏者各占7%。头疼就医者和整体感觉身体不适而就医者分别占到了6%和5%，还有4%的人看医生只是为了保持身体健康。
the survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.
这项调查表明，与另类疗法这个字眼相比，互补疗法是个更为合适的称呼。前者听起来仿佛是正统疗法的附庸，一种只有当你对传统疗法的无能为力失望后，才会去追寻的东西。
passage 3
参考译文
play is a serious business
does play help develop bigger, better brains? bryant furlow investigates
玩耍是件严肃的事
玩耍能否帮助大脑发育得更大更好?bryant furlow就此展开了调査。
a playing is a serious business. children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. for a start, play can even cost animals their lives. eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. it is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘even two or three per cent is huge,’ says john byers of idaho university. ‘you just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he adds. there must be a reason.
a玩耍是件严肃的事。孩子们沉溺在假想的世界中，狐狸幼崽儿嬉戏打闹，小猫玩线球，这些行为都不只是取乐而已。看上去玩耍是成人世界的辛苦工作到来之前，无忧无虑、精力充沛的消磨时光的方式，其实远非如此。首先，玩耍可能使动物们送命。比如，百分之八十的小海狗死亡都是因为玩耍中的小海狗没能看到接近的捕食者。玩耍也是相当消耗精力的。顽皮的小动物要花上百分之二三的精力来嬉戏打闹，而对于儿童而言，这个数字可以高达百分之十五。“就算只有百分之二三也是个不小的数目了。”idaho大学的john byers说道，“你很难发现动物们如此消耗精力。”byers补充说。总有一定的原因使他们这么做。
b but if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? the latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. in other words, playing makes you intelligent. playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest. a popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.
b但是，如果玩耍不像生物学家们过去认为的那样，只是发育过程中的小插曲的话，那么到底是什么促使了玩耍的发展呢?最新的观点认为玩耍可以促进大脑的发育。换句话说，玩耍使你变得聪明。尽管一些脑子比较大的鸟类也沉溺其中，但玩耍好像还是只在哺乳动物中普遍存在。玩耍中的动物会用一些独特的标志——比如狗摇尾巴来表明这种简单模仿大动物行为的举动并不是玩真的。一种有关玩耍的普遍观点说，玩耍能帮助小动物发展成年之后捕猎、交配以及社交所需要的技能。另一个理论认为，通过增强小动物的呼吸耐力，玩耍可以帮助他们在体力上更适应成年生活。但是这两个理论近年来都遭到了置疑。
c take the exercise theory. if play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. but byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘if the function of play was to get into shape,’ says byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. but it doesn’t work like that.’ across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.
c就拿锻炼理论来说吧。如果玩耍是为了增强肌肉，或是进行某种耐力训练，那么我们应该能够看到一些终生的效果。但是byers指出，训练一结束，由增强训练所带来的好处就随之迅速消失了，所以，任何通过小时候的玩耍增强的耐力到了成年阶段就会消失殆尽了。“如果玩耍的作用就是使身体健康的话，”byers说道，“那么玩耍的最佳时间就应该是对于某种小动物(身体发展)最有利的时间，但是，实际情况并非如此。”无论什么种群的动物，玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰，然后则开始走下坡路。
d then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. at first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. but a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too simplistic. in one study, behavioural ecologist tim caro, from the university of california, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. he found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.
d接着，我们又有了技能训练假说。乍看上去，玩耍的小动物好像是在练习那些成年时必须的复杂动作。但是，更为仔细的观察表明，这种解释把问题简单化了。在某项研究中，california大学的行为生态学家tim caro观察了小猫的捕食游戏以及它们成年之后的捕猎行为。他发现，小猫玩耍的方式对成年后的捕猎技能并没有太大的影响。
e earlier this year, sergio pellis of lethbridge university, canada, reported that there is a
question 1
答案：isolation
关键词：6800/variety of language/geographical
定位原文：第3段第1句“isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.”
解题思路：根据这句话可知，语言多样性是由于地理上的isolation。
question 2
答案：economic globalization/globalization/socio-economic pressures
关键词：government/huge decrease
定位原文：第5段第4句“…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic pressures...”
解题思路：本题目要看清楚问的是语言消失的原因，and表示并列，因此空中应该填与government initiatives对等的原因，而文中第五段前半部分提到政府政策对语言的影响，但是科学家们也指出，真正致命的原因是社会经济压力。
question 3
答案：cultural identity
关键词：increasing appr?eciation/language classes
定位原文：第7段第2句话“but a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.”
解题思路：“increasing appreciation”和文中的“growing interest”是同义替换，故正确答案是cultural identity。”
question 4
答案：traditional skill
关键词：‘apprentice’/teach/a
定位原文：第7段倒数第4句“volunteer 'apprentices' pair up with one of the last living speakers of a native american tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.”
解题思路：“apprentice”做为定位词，题干这句话的意思是在学徒计划中，濒危语言被用来作为载体来教授人们一种……，文中的“learn”与“teach”在意思上有关联，而不定冠词“a”之后要填一个专有名词。
question 5
答案：e
关键词：more than one...
定位原文：第7段第4句“most of these languages will not survive without a large bilingualism…”
解题思路：题干这句话正好跟文中这句话表达的是相同的意思，而文中有这个观点的正是e选项。
question 6
答案：b
关键词：in itself
定位原文：“but mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day。”
解题思路：通过这句话可以推测，保护语言本身并不是目标，如何让语言活起来才是真正目的。故正确答案为b。
question 7
答案：d
关键词：think/determine
定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“‘your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks french, for instance,’ pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘the patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’”
解题思路：这句话话当中提到了说英语的人的大脑与说法语的人大脑的不同，随后提出语言会影响我们的想法和观点。
question 8
答案：c
关键词：reject/established/way of life
定位原文：第4段最后一句“people lose faith in their culture, when the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.”
解题思路：题干句子意思是“年轻人经常会拒绝接受社会约定俗成的生活方式”，正好与文中这句话“语言的转化意味着传统文化的消失”表达的意思一致。
question 9
答案：b
关键词：loss
定位原文：第6段第2句“if a person shifts from navajo to english, they lose something…”
解题思路：文中的shift等同于题目当中的change，而传统文化的存在正意味着人们可以采用不同的观点来看待这个世界。
question 10
答案：no
关键词：navajo
定位原文：第3段第4句话“navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. what makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are.”
解题思路：这句话说有15万人在使用那瓦霍语，证明使用者并不是很少，在接下来的一句话当中，作者又表明使语言濒临灭绝的真正原因并不是说的人少，而是说的人太老。
question 11
答案：yes
关键词：a large number of
定位原文：第3段第4句话“navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.”
解题思路：根据文中给出的证据，即有15万人说那瓦霍语，但是这门语言仍然濒临灭绝，作者推出了题中的结论，这个结论是正确的。
question 12
答案：not given
关键词：government
定位原文：第5段
解题思路：文中第五段提到了政府，主要是指出政府的政策也是导致语言濒危的原因，但是此后就并未对政府的作用再多做叙述，而是转而论述社会经济压力的重要性。本题是典型的节外生枝型。
question 13
答案：yes
关键词：linguistic diversity
定位原文：第7段第1句“so despite linguists' best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century.”
解题思路：这句话表明尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力，但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。这句话就表明语言多样性的消失是不可避免的。
定位原文：第3段第1句“isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.”
question 14
答案：c
关键词：western
定位原文：第1段第1句“australia has been unusual in the western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to dr paul laver, a lecturer in public health at the university of sydney.”
解题思路：a答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。b答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。d答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。只有c答案与文章叙述相符。
question 15
答案：b
关键词：americans
定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $us 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.”
解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。所以答案b是正确的。而a、c和d答案中提到的比较关系并不存在。
question 16
答案：yes
关键词：20 years
定位原文：第2段第1句“disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in australia climb steadily during the past 20 years.”
解题思路：在过去20年中，由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信
