当前位置:网站首页 >> 文档 >> 最新八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布(12篇)
范文文档
最新八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布(12篇)
  • 时间:2025-03-19 09:05:11
  • 小编:Melissa职业规划
  • 文件格式 DOC
下载文章
一键复制
猜你喜欢 网友关注 本周热点 精品推荐
日常生活中的小事情也值得总结,它们对我们的成长和发展有着潜移默化的影响。学会适应变化,是我们在快速变化的世界中生存必备的能力。范文展示了不同种类的总结,可以帮助
通过总结,我们可以更好地反思自己的行为和决策是否符合初衷。写总结时要注重思考和反思,分析问题的原因和解决方法。如果你正在写总结,这些范文可以帮助你更好地理解总结
心得体会是我们在学习和工作生活中的一种总结和概括,它能够帮助我们更好地思考和沉淀。心得体会是一种对自己一段时间表现的反思,从而可以找到自己的不足和进步的方向。写
"心得体会是对自己在学习、工作或生活中的心情、感受和体验的总结和概括。它是一种对过去经历和经验的深刻思考和反思,可以帮助我们更好地成长和进步。我已经积累了很多心
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下
总结是对过去的一种回顾,可以帮助我们更好地面对未来的挑战。分析总结的结果和意义,提出进一步改进和发展的建议。总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面我给大家整理了
总结是一种培养学习习惯和自我管理能力的重要手段。总结前先梳理思绪,确保全面而有条理;以下是小编为大家整理的各类总结范文,供大家参考和学习。2班运动会口号篇一2、
回顾过去的学习经验,总结能够帮助我们找到更有效的学习方法。如何写一篇令人信服的演讲总结?以下是一些经典的总结范文,希望能够给我们带来一些灵感和思考。大学毕业生个
计划是提高工作与学习效率的一个前提。做好一个完整的工作计划,才能使工作与学习更加有效的快速的完成。优秀的计划都具备一些什么特点呢?又该怎么写呢?那么下面我就给大
当工作或学习进行到一定阶段或告一段落时,需要回过头来对所做的工作认真地分析研究一下,肯定成绩,找出问题,归纳出经验教训,提高认识,明确方向,以便进一步做好工作,
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢?下面我
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到
通过总结,我们可以更好地了解自己的成长和进步。如何写一篇畅销小说,吸引读者的注意力呢?总结范文可以给我们提供一些写作思路和参考案例。八年级语文上册说课稿篇一各位
计划可以帮助我们规划好未来的目标,并采取有效的步骤去实现它们。那么如何制定一个好的计划呢?首先,我们需要明确自己的目标和需求,从整体上把握自己要完成的任务。其次
不管做什么事情,都要有始有终,才能取得好的结果。其次,我们可以通过整理和归纳信息的方式来梳理思路,确定总结的主要观点和重点。以下是一些通用的总结范文,供大家参考
总结是对过去的经历进行一个回顾和概括,是提高自身能力的重要方式之一。怎样提高自己的写作能力?如果你需要一些写总结的启示和帮助,这里有一些具有参考价值的总结例子。
传记是记述一个人一生经历和成就的文学作品,可以帮助读者了解历史人物的生活和思想。总结应该重点突出对重要问题的解决或进展。总结是一种重要的反思方式,以下是小编整理
时间流逝得如此之快,前方等待着我们的是新的机遇和挑战,是时候开始写计划了。怎样写计划才更能起到其作用呢?计划应该怎么制定呢?以下是小编收集整理的工作计划书范文,
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?接下来小编就给大家介绍一
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们
光阴的迅速,一眨眼就过去了,很快就要开展新的工作了,来为今后的学习制定一份计划。计划书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇计划呢?以下是小编收集整理的工作计划书
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下面是小编为大家收集的优
时间过得真快,总在不经意间流逝,我们又将续写新的诗篇,展开新的旅程,该为自己下阶段的学习制定一个计划了。相信许多人会觉得计划很难写?以下是小编为大家收集的计划范
学会接受失败和挫折是人生中必须具备的品质,它能够让我们从失败中吸取教训并不断成长。怎样才能将一段复杂的内容简洁明了地总结出来?以下是小编为大家整理的阅读技巧,供
计划可以帮助我们集中精力,减少拖延和分心。创造性思维和灵活性是制定计划时应该具备的品质,能够适应变化和改进。以下是小编为大家收集的计划范文,仅供参考,大家一起来
人与自然的关系是人类一直以来不断探索的课题,我们应该怎样理解和应对这种关系呢?注意语言的准确性和表达的清晰度,避免模糊和歧义。以下是一些关于写作技巧和方法的总结
计划可以使我们目标明确,增加工作的有效性。那么如何制定一份有效的计划呢?我们可以先明确目标,然后分解任务,合理安排时间,制定具体的行动步骤,并进行必要的调整和评
人生充满了各种各样的选择,我们应该学会慎重考虑并做出正确的决策。要写一篇较为完美的总结,首先需要明确总结的目标和范围。范文是优秀作品的集合,通过阅读范文可以提高
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面是小
兴趣是人们在特定领域或活动中产生的物质和精神需求,它可以激发人们的热情和动力。写总结时要注意结构清晰、言简意赅,以便读者能够快速理解。以下是小编为大家整理的一些
这个项目的进展并不顺利,我们需要重新评估我们的策略。在总结中要突出重点,展示自己的发现和收获。这些总结范文可以帮助我们更好地理解总结的重要性和目的。一年级数学说
时间流逝得如此之快,我们的工作又迈入新的阶段,请一起努力,写一份计划吧。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的计划吗?下面是小编为大家带来的计划书优秀范文,希望大
推理是一种逻辑思维的过程,它可以帮助我们从已知的信息中得出推断和判断。写一份出色的求职信需要哪些要点?总结是一个重要的工具,以下是一些优秀总结范文,让你更好地掌
总结是一种整合和提炼信息的过程,可以让我们更好地理清思路和发现问题。写总结时,可以尝试采用一些实例或案例,增加总结的具体性。如果你正在写一篇总结,不妨看看以下范
通过总结,我们可以清楚地了解自己在学习和工作生活中取得的成绩和进展。写总结时要用简练的语言表达自己的观点,并避免冗长和啰嗦。这些范文从不同的角度和层面对事物进行
在当下社会,接触并使用报告的人越来越多,不同的报告内容同样也是不同的。怎样写报告才更能起到其作用呢?报告应该怎么制定呢?下面是小编带来的优秀报告范文,希望大家能
人际交往是社会生活的重要组成部分,我们应该提高交际能力。在写总结时,我们要客观地回顾自己的经历和成绩,不要过分夸大或贬低。通过阅读他人的总结范文,可以发现共同的
科学是我们认识和改造世界的工具,它推动了人类社会的进步。写一篇较为完美的总结,首先要明确总结的目的和范围。以上范文只是供参考,你可以根据自己的兴趣和需求选择适合
观察是通过目睹、感知和记录来获取信息和了解事物的行为或过程。总结应该针对自己的目标和计划,提出具体的改进措施和行动计划。一份好的总结范文可以为您提供思路和参考,
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅
定期总结不仅可以让我们更清楚地了解自己的优缺点,还能找到进一步提升的机会。写总结时,要注重反思和总结的价值,从中汲取经验和教训。以下是相关领域的经验总结,供参考
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?以下是我为大家搜集的优质
每个人都曾试图在平淡的学习、工作和生活中写一篇文章。写作是培养人的观察、联想、想象、思维和记忆的重要手段。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?以下是我为大家搜集的优质范
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够
总结是我们对自己所经历的事情进行记录和梳理的过程,它可以让我们更加明确自己的目标和方向。写总结可以借鉴他人的经验,但也要保持独立思考和个性化。以下是小编为大家整
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅读。表达青春励志的句子短句
总结可以让我们对自己的努力和成长有更清晰的认知。总结需要客观真实,避免夸大或缩小事实的发生和影响。鉴于总结对于个人成长和发展的重要性,以下是一些优秀的总结范文,
总结是一种反思和思考的过程,有助于我们在工作中不断提升和进步。如何撰写一本生动有趣的回忆录?推荐一些优秀的总结模板,供大家参考和借鉴。给民警的表扬信篇一丽水市遂
只有进行全面的总结,我们才能真正认识到自己的长处和短处,为自己的进步找到方向。首先,要明确总结的目标和范围。通过学习别人的经验和教训,我们可以避免犯同样的错误。
学习是一种持续发展的过程,我们应该保持不断追求进步的态度。注意文段的连贯性,避免信息断层;阅读总结范文能够开拓思维,提高总结能力。八年级上册语文说课稿篇一1、教
总结不仅仅是总结成绩,更重要的是为了研究经验,发现做好工作的规律,也可以找出工作失误的教训。这些经验教训是非常宝贵的,对工作有很好的借鉴与指导作用,在今后工作中
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?
总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料,它可以促使我们思考,我想我们需要写一份总结了吧。什么样的总结才是有效的呢?以下是小编精心整
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面是小编
总结是一种有效的学习方法,它可以加深我们对知识的理解和记忆。总结时要先明确总结的目的和范围,这样有利于我们更有针对性地整理信息。以下是一些总结的典型范文,供大家
报告的结构通常包括封面、摘要、目录、引言、方法、结果、讨论和结论等部分。如何选择合适的结构和组织方式来呈现报告的内容?以下是小编为大家收集的报告范文,仅供参考,
工作学习中一定要善始善终,只有总结才标志工作阶段性完成或者彻底的终止。通过总结对工作学习进行回顾和分析,从中找出经验和教训,引出规律性认识,以指导今后工作和实践
制定计划的关键是灵活性,我们需要学会适应变化和调整计划。计划的制定可以借鉴他人的经验和成功案例,避免重复劳动和不必要的错误。最后,希望大家能够利用这些范文,更好
在公共演讲中,演讲稿起到提纲和引导的作用,能够帮助演讲者更加清晰地组织思路。演讲稿需要格外留意开头和结尾,以吸引听众和留下深刻印象。无论是学术演讲、庆典演讲还是
教育是培养人的全面发展和成才的过程。如何在旅途中合理安排时间和预算?以下是一些经典范文,希望能够为您的写作提供一些新的思路和方法。工程造价专业自荐书篇一尊敬的领
分析是通过对事物进行细致而系统的观察,以求更好地了解其本质和特征。了解读者的需求和背景,可以更好地选择合适的写作方式和表达方式。总结是一种重要的思维方式,以下是
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下
全球化是当今社会发展的一个重要趋势,也是我们需要了解和适应的。怎样写好一篇有说服力的议论文是我们需要探索的问题之一。以下是小编为大家整理的减压方法,希望对大家有
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以
10.写好一篇演讲稿需要多加练习和反复修改,不断提高自己的表达能力。需要充分了解听众的背景和兴趣,以便在演讲中引起他们的共鸣。在写演讲稿时,可以参考这些范文,借
人类的思维方式决定了我们对世界的认识,那么总结就是对这种认识进行概括的手段之一。写总结时要注重整体思维,对所总结的事物进行整体分析和评估,避免片面和偏颇。在总结
总结通常涉及回顾过去的经验、总结关键问题以及提出改进和发展的建议。在总结中,我们可以适当运用一些例子或实例来更具体地说明问题。以下是小编为大家收集的总结范文,希
每个人都曾试图在平淡的学习、工作和生活中写一篇文章。写作是培养人的观察、联想、想象、思维和记忆的重要手段。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?下面
每个人都应该经常进行总结,这有助于我们发现问题并做出改进。写总结时,可以运用逻辑思维和分析能力,提炼出问题的本质和解决的思路。掌握总结的技巧和方法,我们能够写出
总结可以让我们更好地认识自己,发现自己的优势和不足,以便于更好地发挥自己的长处。写总结时,可以参考一些成功人士或行业专家的经验和观点,提升自己的总结能力。下面是
总结是对过去经验的总结和提炼,可以帮助我们更好地规划未来。如何平衡工作与生活,提高生活质量是现代人面临的挑战。在这里,小编为大家整理了一些写总结的技巧和注意事项
总结是一种思考和反思的方式,通过总结,我们可以更好地了解自己的成长和进步。如何保护自然资源和生物多样性呢?总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括
时刻保持积极的态度,才能在困难面前保持心态稳定。写总结时要有一定的逻辑性,按照时间顺序或者逻辑顺序进行组织和归纳。以下是一些总结文章的评价标准和方法,供你参考。
演讲稿是演讲者根据几条原则性的提纲进行演讲,比较灵活,便于临场发挥,真实感强,又具有照读式演讲和背诵式演讲的长处。那么演讲稿该怎么写?想必这让大家都很苦恼吧。那
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢?这里我整理了一些优秀的范文,希望对大家有所帮助,下面我们就来了解一下
在撰写报告时,要根据读者的需求和背景特点合理选择信息和表达方式。报告的语言要简洁明了,避免使用模棱两可或含糊不清的词语。通过阅读这些报告样本,希望能够对报告的写
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?这里我整理了一些优秀的范
演讲稿是演讲者根据几条原则性的提纲进行演讲,比较灵活,便于临场发挥,真实感强,又具有照读式演讲和背诵式演讲的长处。那么你知道演讲稿如何写吗?下面我给大家整理了一
演讲稿的撰写过程需要进行充分的背景研究和材料搜集,以确保内容准确和全面。应用具体的案例、数据和统计,能够增加演讲的可信度和说服力。让我们一起来欣赏这些演讲稿范文
演讲稿是一种用于向观众传达特定信息、表达观点或者发表演讲者意见的文字材料。在写演讲稿时,要注意语言的精练和表达的准确性。以下是小编为大家精选的优秀演讲稿范文,供
演讲稿的撰写需要针对特定观众群体的需求和兴趣进行激发,以使演讲更加有效。演讲稿的开头要吸引听众的注意力,可以用有趣的事实、引人入胜的故事或引用名人名言等来引起兴
了解自己的学习风格和喜好,找到适合自己的学习方法。外语能力已成为现代社会中的一项基本素养,我们要多学习和使用外语。看看别人的总结经验也能帮助我们更好地写出自己的
总结总结的写作需要注意的语言表达和思维方式有哪些特点?在下文中,我们分享了一些精选的总结范文,涉及学习、工作、生活等不同方面,希望能为大家提供参考和借鉴。转正工
总结需要客观、具体、准确地描绘过去一段时间的表现和经历,以便更好地了解自己。在写总结时,要注重逻辑性和连贯性,确保文章的条理清晰,层次分明。通过阅读这些范文,我
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅读。高一期末综合素质自
总结是一个重要的方法,可以帮助我们总结经验,提高工作和学习的效率。总结要简明扼要,避免冗长和啰嗦,突出重点和核心内容。读这些总结范文可以帮助我们提高自身的总结能
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?以下是小编为大家收集的优
演讲稿是一种书面表达形式,用来向观众传递特定的信息和观点。演讲稿的开头部分应该具有吸引力,能够引起听众的注意并激发他们的兴趣。演讲稿范文中包含一些优秀演讲者的演
通过计划,我们可以提前思考和解决问题,避免出现一些紧急情况。制定计划时,我们应该保持灵活性,以应对可能的变化和调整。下面是一些专家对于计划制定的见解和建议,希望
演讲稿需要在语言上注意文雅、得体,避免使用粗俗或冒犯性词语。演讲稿需要避免过多使用专业术语和太过复杂的句式,以免引起听众的困惑。演讲稿是一种重要的沟通工具,以下
在工作和学习中,总结可以帮助我们发现存在的问题并提出解决方案。需要系统性地整理和概括所学和所得。以下是一些关于总结写作的范文,希望能够给大家写作提供一些思路和参
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?这里我整理了一些
总结不仅仅是一种纸面工作,更是对自己经历的回顾与思考。在总结中要注重论据和事实的支撑,避免空泛和主观性较强的表述。下面是一份总结的实例,希望对大家进行总结写作提
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?下面是小编为大家收集的优
当认真看完一部作品后,相信大家的收获肯定不少吧,是时候写一篇读后感好好记录一下了。什么样的读后感才能对得起这个作品所表达的含义呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀的读
总结是对过去一定时期的工作、学习或思想情况进行回顾、分析,并做出客观评价的书面材料,它有助于我们寻找工作和事物发展的规律,从而掌握并运用这些规律,是时候写一份总
合同是双方意思表示一致,具备法律效力的协议。那么我们该如何撰写一份合同呢?首先,明确合同的目的和双方的意向,确保双方共同理解并达成一致。其次,详细区分和明确合同
总结可以提高我们对事物的洞察力和思考能力,让我们更好地认识自己。写一份完美的总结,需要我们先明确总结的目的和意义。这是一份关于写好议论文的范文,希望能够对大家的

最新八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布(12篇)

格式:DOC 上传日期:2025-03-19 09:05:11
最新八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布(12篇)
    小编:Melissa职业规划

范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面是小编帮大家整理的优质范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇一

1、教材地位:本单元课文都是叙事性作品,写的都是普通人,以“爱”为主题,几篇课文都在诉说对普通人,尤其是对弱者的关爱。本单元阅读教学,要求感受课文所表现的形形色色的“爱”,从而陶冶自己的情操,去关注身边的人。杨绛的《老王》,写自己与车夫的交往,写车夫艰难困苦的生活和善良厚道的品格,含蓄地提出了关怀不幸者的社会问题。

2、教学目标:新课标中重点提出,要让学生“关注人类,关注身边的人”,“提高学生阅读能力的同时,提升学生的情感态度价值观”,根据以上两方面的要求,结合本课的内容和特点我这样确立这堂课的三维教学目标:

(1)“知识和能力目标”能在快速阅读课文过程中,抓住主要信息,概括内容要点,在听与说双方互动过程中,增强知识点的删选能力,使学生的口语交际能力得到锻练,思想认识得到提高。

(2)深入探究:全面把握课文,领会作者与主人公的思想感情。

(3)情感态度:关爱生活中的不幸者,陶冶美的情操。

3、教学重点难点:领会作者与人物的思想感情,联系身边的人,关注、关爱他人。

4、课时安排:一课时

学生情况分析,我们的学生是山区学生,语文基础较差,尤其体现于学法方面、语言表达能力和理解能力。根据我们学生情况、本课文的特点,按照初中生的认识规律,遵循“教师为主导,学生为主体,训练为主线”的指导思想,为实现本课的教学目标,突出重点,突破难点,我决定采用以下教法:

1、以语言品味为主,采用启发点拨法,来完成本课教学;

2、设计带有针对性、启发性的问题,诱导学生思考,通过语言的体会,解决本文重点;

3、同时采用朗读、讨论、质疑、练习等方式使学生动脑动手,为增大课堂教学的容量,提高效率,采用多媒体。

教与学是相长的,为了教师更好地教,学生更好地学,根据我校学生的情况,素质教育的要求,在学法方面我采用“导—思—点拨—练”的过程,让学生自主参与知识的发生、发展、形成过程,在这过程中对学生进行以下指导:引导学生注意紧绕所设计的问题,扣住文中的关键语句,结合当时的时代背景,联系自身的生活,来体会理解文中的感情,指导学生注意体会文中语言特点,加以积累、运用,加强语言基础,指导学生把这种写法运用到具体写作中去,提高语文水平。

(一)

1、进场导入:

苏芮的《奉献》—长路奉献给远方玫瑰奉献给爱情我拿什么奉献给你我爱的人白云奉献给草场江河奉献给海洋我拿什么奉献给你我的朋友(设计说明:使学生一进教室,便能进入音乐所营造的气氛中,为进入主题作为铺垫)

2、教学导入:

以xxxx年度超级女声的冠军相关情况入手。

3、教师结语:

生活中人们总是对名人的一言一行非常地关注,但生活中更多的是普通人,你是否也曾关注过身边的普通人?我国著名作家文学家杨绛曾经关注过一个车夫,为他写下了散文《老王》。(设计说明:以一组反差相当大的图片进行对比导入课堂教学,建起学生学习课文的情感基础,激发学生对课文、人物的兴趣,调动学生的思维,让他们快速进入教师设置的情景中来,,为下面的教学打好情感基础。)

(二)

环节一“走近老王”:

面对陌生的老王,我们有那么多的揣测和关切,现在我们就循着杨绛的笔墨,一起走近老王,解开心中的谜团。(设计说明:遵循阅读规律,充分尊重学生的自主阅读的体验,以学生阅读心理为切口,激活阅读思维,引导学生整体感知课文,又训练学生筛选信息思维能力。)

环节二“评说老王”:

讨论老王的品质,说说老王在你的心目中留下了怎样的印象?请用“老王是一个——的人,表现在——。”的形式表达出来。并说说“我们”一家人是怎么做的?(设计说明:在感受文章之后,引导学生概括老王品质,寻找文本依据,理解老王的善良、朴实,引导学生从文章局部进行自主阅读,进一步深入文本,在提高学生对内容要点概括能力、语言感受能力的同时,强化他们的情感体验,体现教学重点。)

环节三怀念老王:

善良老实的具有金子般心灵的老王就这么去了,在他生前经常关注他的杨绛有什么样的感受?她为什么能这样想?(设计说明:进一步理会作者隐含在内的深沉的感情,也一进陶冶自己的情操。)

环节四关注“老王”:

我们身边也有许多象“老王”一样遭遇的人,他们的生活是怎么样的,别人是怎么看待他们的?在今后的日子里,你将会怎么去对待那些不幸的人?(以一组新时代老王的照片为参考依据)(设计说明:“读书是为了明理”,学习一篇课文,要让学生在态度、情感、价值观上有所增益,能够更好地关心身边的弱者,关注生活,关注人生,净化思想。由书本向现实生活的思维拓展,是使学生加深对课文理解的途径,也是书本学习的目的。语文学习的外延和生活的外延是相等的,本环节把课本和生活有机的结合在一起,同时锻练学生的表达能力。)

环节五:拓展延伸:

造句:假如我是一团火,就为他人__;假如我是一朵花,就为他人__;假如我是一颗星,就为他人__;假如我是一片云,就为他人__;假如我是一棵树,就为他人__;假如我是一泓清泉,就为他人__;(设计说明:通过造句的形式,把感情进一步深化,并拓展,同时也进一步提升、净化学生的感情)

人与人之间的关系应该是平等的。个人由于境遇不同,就有幸运与不幸运的差别,甚至差别很大。一个幸运者只有关爱不幸者的责任,没有歧视不幸者的理由。现在,社会要求我们每个人有人道主义精神,要关心别人、尊重别人对社会作出的贡献,作家一家对不幸者老王怀有一颗爱心,具有人道主义精神的人。

以《爱的奉献》结束,让学生一起高唱,让学生的情感得到进一步的升华。

课后题二(设计说明:课上不足课下补,整个教学设计,读得较多,语言品位不够,本题恰是品味语言的,可以让学生先品味品味:那句好,好在哪里?)

板书设计:老王杨绛

穷苦呼吁社会:

赞扬—老王善良关注、同情

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇二

����

����1���ì²äµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«é«ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò±ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç­µä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ë³µï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ñ£¬ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

����2����ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¼ï¿½öµï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó£¬½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º

������1����öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµë«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

������2������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£

������3�����ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½

����3����ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

����4����ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±

����

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ñµï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë£¬îªêµï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1��������æ·î¶îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

����2����æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½õµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£»

����3��í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½è·ï¿½ê½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¡£

����

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à³¤ï¿½ä£ï¿½îªï¿½ë½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµø½ì£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½

����

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½

����1���������룺

�������çµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ý³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó·ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ìµæ£©

����2����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£º

������xxxx��è³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½

����3����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£º

�����������������ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð·ç³ï¿½ï¿½ø¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½é·´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àµ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ô±èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������

��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç­µä±ï¿½ä«ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¿ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������������æ·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½

��������������������

����������êµï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´è¥ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ò²ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò±ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������ä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä£ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ã½«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´è¥ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬îªï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµø¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¾ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ñ¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������壺��õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£º

������䣺��������ò»ï¿½å»ï¿½,��îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__����������ò»ï¿½ä»¨,��îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__����������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__����������ò»æ¬ï¿½ï¿½,��îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__����������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__����������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èª,��îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½__�������ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£©

����

����������ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½èµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü´ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ð¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾«ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ò¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½å°ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

�����ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

�����îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¶à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ï¿½ï¿½

����������æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������᣺

�����������������ע��í¬ï¿½ï¿½

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇三

我今天所说课的篇目是《背影》,它是人教版九年义务初级中学语文教材第一册第一单元的第三篇课文。

新大纲对现代文阅读教学的要求可以概括为以下几点:

(一)训练学生阅读一般的现代文,能领会词句在语言环境中的含义和作用,理解思想内容和思路,了解基本的写法,具有一定的语言感受能力。

(二)使学生能用普通话正确、流利地朗读课文,背诵基本课文中的一些精彩片段。

(三)初步学习各种阅读方法。

(四)养成良好的阅读习惯。在“能力训练”的“阅读训练”项中特别强调了“整体感知课文的大致内容”“从课文中找出感受最深的句子或段落”“欣赏课文中优美精辟的语句”“用普通话正确地流利地有感情地朗读课文”“用圈点批注的方法精读课文”等等。

《背影》是朱自清早期散文的代表作,作品采用记实的手法,通过一个特定的角度棗背影去写父子之间在那特殊的社会背景之下的相爱相怜的感情。写得真挚而动人。此文在新教材中编入第一册第一单元的第三篇课文,从编者意图来看,显然出于以下几种考虑:

1、通过此文去引导学生关注家庭生活,关注父母的生活与情感。因为新教材的第一册的编辑思想是根据反映生活的内容编排。第一单元即家庭生活,其中第一课《这不是一颗流星》是写祖孙关系,第二课《羚羊木雕》是表现同辈的朋友关系,此课反映父子关系,而第四课《散步》表现的是整个家庭之间的关系,由此可见,教材编辑的意图是要示由近及远,由浅入深地引导学生认识和反映家庭成员之间的美好的情感。

2、训练学生整体上学习与运用语文的能力,编者将此文的训练重点之一定为“中心与段落的关系”,意在训练学生理解作者如何根据中心去安排段落的能力。

3、新教材注意到了第一册的特殊的地位,一方面注意到与小学的衔接,另一方面注重第一册教材的学习在整个中学语文学习中的重要地位,强调语文学法的指导、最基础的语文能力的形成与良好语文习惯的培养。这三方面的要求是体现在每一篇课文的教学当中的。

我班乃至我校的学生语文基础差,特别体现在缺乏正确的学习方法与良好的语文学习习惯。《背影》这篇文章反映的毕竟是成年人尤而且是一个知识分子的情感,因而较为深沉,其中最大的特点“淡淡的忧愁”是很难让这些刚上初一的学生真正的领会。根据我校学生的实际情况,对这样一些内容进行大胆的舍弃,在课堂上不做要求。

根据以上对教材和学生情况的分析,我将此课的教学目标确立为

1、训练用普通话正确朗读的能力学习圈点批注的读书方法

2、理解关键语句的含义

3、体会中心与段落层次的关系

4、通过学习课文引导学生观察父母的生活与情感,主动为父母分忧解难

教学重点是目标2、3

课文2、3两段对于表达中心的作用是本文的难点

“教材无非是一个例子”(叶圣陶语),但教材又是一个很特殊的例子,它与数理化的例子不同,首先,它是一个综合性的复杂性的例子,从不同的方面可以有不同的用途;其次,这个例子本身也很重要。因此,一方面,我们要将这一例子用好用足用得其所,另一方面,我们还不能得意而忘言,得鱼而忘荃,可以说,“言”“荃”更为重要。

“整体阅读,以语言训练为主”是我上这节课的指导思想,在教学方法的选用上主要体现这一点,在处理教材时,先让学生通过听读、朗读等方式从整体上进行充分的感知,并对重要的字词进行训练;再对文章的大致内容进行梳理,在此基础之上,进行重点文段的阅读训练,着重训练词语的运用和关键语句的理解。最后对“中心与段落的关系”进行领会与分析。在教学中充分调动学生的积极性,采用圈点批注、朗读、讨论、质疑、课堂练习等方式使学生动脑动手。

为增大课堂教学的容量和提高效率,采用投影,播放录音等媒体。

对于我们的学生来说,学法的指导和习惯的培养显得异常的重要,这是走向主体性学习的最根本的途径。因此,本课十分注重以下四点

1、用普通话正确地朗读

2、学习使用圈点批注的方法

3、对基本语料的积累

4、根据间接经验学习感受生活

本课教学时数拟为二个课时

第一课时

第一课时的教学要点有:听读、朗读训练,语汇积累,圈点批注与整体阅读,文章大致内容的理解与把握。具体为以下几个环节:

(一)导入,激发情感,创设氛围

提问:

1、在你的生活中谁最令你感动,最令你感动的是什么?

2、而在我们今天所学的散文家、诗人,学者,民主战士朱自清的《背影》中谁是令他最感动的人呢?而最令他感动的又是什么呢?

(第一问的设计体现语文与学生生活的联系,让学生由生活中的具体形象出发;第二问旨在激起学生的阅读需要,同时,也体现了对预习的要求)

(二)朗读训练

1、听录音朗读(选一段节奏舒缓情调感伤的音乐)

要求:将那些自己读不准的字标出记号;将自己不能理解的词语框出来

2、正音练习(幻灯出示,见附一)

教师对这些词领读两遍

3、朗读

1、2段一组同学读,3、4段二组同学读,5段全班同学读,6段三组同学读

(朗读是语文学习的重要方法之一,而我们学生最薄弱的也是这一点,是顺其自然,还是切实去改变,我选择后者,初一时期是训练朗读的关键时期,如果此时不加以强化,到了高年级再去补已经很难有成效,心理学认为人发展某种能力具有关键期,朗读能力发展的关键期就在小学和初中阶段。根据学生实际,初一第一学期朗读要求为正确,对一些学生读不准的词语,采用英语学习中学单词的方法,教师进行领读。)

(三)圈点批注与整体阅读训练

1、阅读全文,用规定符号进行圈点批注

批注要点

1)词语:不能理解的用横线,认为用得好的用框框

2)关键语句(或写得好的语句)用波浪线

3)有疑问的地方,用括号再加问号

4)用双竖线和单竖线划分文章层次

(这一环节主要用于学习读书方法,形成不动笔不读书的习惯,既是对课文内容的进一步熟悉,又是个种发现式的学习过程,当然毕竟是初一的学生,不能做太高的要求,能够有所批注,不论对错都是可贵的)

2、简要说说批注的地方并理由(找成绩好的同学,旨在给其它的同学做出示范,教师可在学生阅读时巡视,找那些批得较好的同学发言。教师可根据此收集反聩信息)

3、词汇积累——课堂练习二

(写完后对照课本,找出写错的字并改正)

(词汇是语言的材料,切实落实,此练习一方面设计听的能力,一方面练习词的意义,一方面练习正确书写,一石三鸟)

4、阅读尝试练习(提问讨论)

1)“我”与父亲最后一次相见是在什么时候?什么地点。

(理解记叙要素)

2)我与父亲是在一种怎样的背景下见面的?从文中找出写见面的背景的句子。写出了怎样的一个背景。

3)文中一共写了几个背影?

4)文中一共写了作者几次流泪,找出这些语句?

5)对本文的中心有以下几种看法,你认为正确的是,简要说明理由。

a、表现父亲疼爱儿子

b、表现父亲的生活艰难和老境颓唐

c、表现儿子体谅父亲

d、表现父亲怜爱儿子,儿子体谅父亲,父子之间的美好亲情

(重点讨论解决2、5)

(尝试练习的设计的目的是检测整体阅读的效果,同时解决一些次要的目标。提问5的设计可视作是对此课的总结)

(四)作业布置

1、将预习提示中的词语的注音和解释抄写在作业本上。(语料的积累,习惯的培养,这类练习表面上看较为机械,但对低年级学生是有效的,所以是必要的)

2、完成课后练习七(不借助其它参考书,做错没关系,做在书本上)

3、熟读课文

第二课时

第二课时的教学要点是重点段落研读、关键语句意义的品读、理清本文的层次与结构体会中心与段落之间的关系、比较阅读训练。如果说第一课时侧重于基础能力和基本习惯,是整体感知课文,那么第二课时主要是突破重点难点、完成主要目标并进行迁移训练。第一课时的铺垫,第二课时是发展。

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇四

�����ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½æªä¿ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì²äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

����

�����â´ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ã£º

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î¡ï¿½

��������������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½èµè¡ï¿½

����

��������ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ï¿½ä½ç¶è—���ó°è¥ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á±³ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½à°®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½

����1��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½â½ì²äµäµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ä±à¼­ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ý·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý±ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½â²»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿î·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î¡ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¥ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ë¿é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä±à¼­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½òªê¾ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½í·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ô±ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½

����2��ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3���â½ì²ï¿½×¢ï¿½âµ½ï¿½ëµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½âµ½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½øµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ì²äµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½

����

�����ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ä±ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³î¡±ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ð´óµ¨µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½

����

�����������ï¶ô½ì²äºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½îª

����1��ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½

����2������ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3���������������îµä¹ï¿½ïµ

����4��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¸¸ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½2��3

��������2��3���î¶ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½

����

�������ì²ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ê¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½ôµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½

�����������ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½öµä¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ä¶îµï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºí¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð³ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½è·ï¿½ê½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½

����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¡£

����

�����������çµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ì³£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½

����1������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½

����2��ñ§ï°ê¹ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3���ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����4�����ý¼ï¿½ó¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������î½ï¿½ñ§ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§

�������ê£ï¿½

����1�������������ë­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½

����2���������ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¼ò¡ï¿½ê«ï¿½ë£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ê¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ø£ï¿½

��������ò»ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½

�����������ê¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½

����1����â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ò»ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½

����òªï¿½ó£º½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºå£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2��������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµæ³ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3���ê¶ï¿½

����1��2��ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3��4�î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5��è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½6������í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

�������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î±¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµè¥ï¿½ä±ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ø¼ï¿½ê±ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë·ï¿½õ¹ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ä¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ð½×¶î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¢ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½

����1���ä¶ï¿½è«ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ã¹æ¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢

������עòªï¿½ï¿½

����1���������������ãºï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ãµãºãµï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½

����2���ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¨ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ãºãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£©ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3�������êµäµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¼ï¿½ï¿½êºï¿½

����4����ë«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºíµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½

��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ßµï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¶ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿é¹ï¿½ä£ï¿½

����2����òªëµëµï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ò³é¼ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ê±ñ²ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ïºãµï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ý´ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½

����3���ê»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½

������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ê»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ò»ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����4���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½

����1�����ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½øµã¡£

�������������òªï¿½ø£ï¿½

����2�����븸������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½

����4������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ä£¿

����5���ô±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

����a�����ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����b�����ö¸ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñºï¿½ï¿½ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����c�����ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����d�����ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½2��5��

������������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5����æ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ô´ë¿îµï¿½ï¿½ü½á£©

�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1����ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ðµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä»ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½òªï¿½ä£ï¿½

����2����é¿îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¾ï¿½ï£ï¿½

����3���������

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±¾ï¿½äµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªä¿ï¿½ê²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ£¬ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ç·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇五

《中国石拱桥》选自人教版义务教育课程标准实验教科书八年级语文上册第三单元。这篇文章介绍了中国石拱桥历史悠久,形式优美,结构坚固的特点,说明了我国桥梁事业的飞跃发展,显示了我国劳动人民的勤劳勇敢和卓越才智

教学重点:1、引导学生把握石拱桥的特征,掌握抓住特征说明事物的方法;2、品味说明文语言的准确性和严密性

教学难点:以赵州桥、卢沟桥为重点说明中国石拱桥,理解作者的说明顺

序,探究作者说明的技巧。

根据新课程标准,语文教学的指导思想是,致力于全面提高学生的语文能力和语文素养,培养学生的语感,发展学生的思维和创新精神,养成学生学习语文的良好习惯,为每一个学生的终身学习、生活和发展奠定语文基础。

所以,这节课我遵循的教学思想是:

1、有效提高学生语文素养。

2、利于学生生动活泼地主动学习;

3、注重培养学生创新精神。

4、师生互动促进教学。

根据教学内容和学生实际情况,本课的教学目标确定为:

1、知识目标:①积累“雄伟、残损、古朴、推崇、惟妙惟肖、巧妙绝伦”等词语,掌握读音和词义。②了解中国桥梁建设的伟大成就,把握石拱桥的特征。

2、能力目标:①了解说明对象,把握对象特征,整体感知文章,培养初步阅读说明文的能力。②把握说明顺序,探究作者说明的技巧,理解作者对事物的思考方式,培养学生的概括能力。③揣摩语言,把握说明文语言准确、周密的特点。

3、德育目标:了解我国桥梁建设所取得的光辉成就,激发学生对祖国文化的自豪感和对聪明辛勤的劳动人民的热爱之情。

首先利用多媒体,实现信息技术与课程教学的整合。在教学中发挥多媒体优势,调动最适宜的教学资源,能增大教学容量,创设教学情景,启发学生思维能力,调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,让学生乐学、爱学。

学生自读和教师点拨相结合。让学生自读自思,辅以教师的点拨引导,化枯燥为生动,变死寂为灵动,提高说明文的课堂教学效率。引导学生自学,让学生进入主动探求知识的过程,培养自学能力,在学会学习的过程中达到自能会学。本节课在激发学生的学习兴趣前提下,强调动口动脑能力。在教师的引导下,培养创新能力和发展智能,提高整体素质

讨论法:讨论法是民主思想在课堂教学中的反映,有利于激发学生主动参与教学,有利于培养学生评论与争辩能力。通过讨论,使学生在学习中相互合作,敢于质疑,不断提高思维能力,有利于发展学生的智力。

导入。课前,让学生讨论见过哪些桥,视频演示赵州桥片段。

作者介绍。首先向学生适当介绍作者是必要的,但是内容要精当,有所侧重,有利于增加学生文学常识。

比较阅读。接着,教师分发资料,《荷情万种》、《荷花》,学生阅读后,并感知它们的区别,学生谈阅读感受,只要能谈到一两点就行。两文同样写荷花。但《荷情万种》这是一篇记叙文,兼有抒情、议论。记叙自己赏荷的经过,对荷的描写和体验极有层次,先写荷风,又写荷花。《荷花》这篇文章介绍了荷花的观赏价值、食用价值、药用价值等。突出强调鲜藕、莲子,略写荷梗、荷花、莲蕊、莲须。全文语言平实,知识性强,是一篇说明文。教师简介说明文的文体特征。说明文是客观地说明事物的一种文体,目的在于给人以知识:或说明事物的状态、性质、功能,或阐明事理。说明事物特点和阐明事理是说明文的两种类型。

朗读。朗读是学习语文必不可少的过程,它能帮学生初步把握文意。教师用多媒体显示视频配乐朗读,再用多媒体显示需要积累的词语,然后让学生填写,既检查预习情况,又便于学生了解文意。

了解说明对象。培养学生了解说明对象,把握对象特征是本文的能力目标。用多媒体展示本节课的问题。学生接受问题后,会急切的投入思考。这个环节,让各小组分组讨论,思考出答案,并抢答。教师引导学生思考,启发思考,让学生从不同角度去进行思考,通过互相探讨解决问题,组织学生自我学习、自主解决问题,这是中学生学习知识、形成创新能力的重要途径。在学生回答结束以后,给出标准答案,并给予图片提示,帮助学生理解。

《中国石拱桥》

中国石拱桥,乃是千百万座中国桥梁中杰出代表之作。千百年来,石拱桥遍布祖国山河大地,随着经济文化的发展而建造着,它们是中国古代灿烂文化中的一个组成部分,在世界上曾为祖国赢得荣誉。迄今保存完好的大量古桥,可为历代桥工巨匠精湛技术的的历史见证,显示出中国古代汉族劳动人民的智慧和力量。我国素有“多桥古国”之誉,这种史的观念和数量上的概念,以及有实物可按的直觉印象,都是为理解中国石拱桥所须涉及到的知识面。如果抽掉这些生动史实,不仅内涵空虚,一两座孤立的躯壳,又能说明什么问题呢?

石孔桥结合现代的工程理论和新的建筑材料,取得了更大的发展。本文所介绍的两座桥,赵州桥已历时一千四百年,卢沟桥雄踞在湍流奔突的永定河上,也经历了近七百年,它们都称得上雄伟坚固,迄今仍保持着初创风貌,可以通行重车,在中外石桥中是罕见的。赵州桥敞肩式的创造,早于西方七个世纪,它们之所以能够经久不坏,说明设计与施工是符合科学道理的。再如赵州桥的浅基础、短桥台,不少现代工程师表示惊叹,因为经过多次地震洪水而屹立无恙,这决不是偶然的,唐朝张嘉贞的《安济桥铭》中所云:“制造奇特,人不知其所以为。”这一评价,几乎和二十世纪工程界学者异口同声,技术高超,于此可见。本文在大量史实中,用“用料省,结构巧,强度高”,来概括古代石拱桥技术上的成就,这是古今中外桥梁以及任何建筑物所一致追求的目标,在六世纪初,我国的能工巧匠发挥智力,大胆创新所取得的光辉成就,是值得自豪的。

同时,跨水架桥,意境之美,雕琢装饰,千姿百态,也是体现我国审美观的一种民族传统。建筑不论大小,工艺必须精益求精,如同一幅画图,不能有一处败笔。

中国的石拱桥,在古代有一定的成就,在今天仍有发展的前景,过去有用的东西,今天仍在起着作用,因此,它是一份珍贵的遗产,显示着中国汉族劳动人民勤劳勇敢和卓越才能。我们在现代桥梁事业中,必然能够取得更大的成就。

赵州桥,又名安济桥,也叫大石拱桥,坐落在河北省赵县城南五里的清水河上。它不仅是中国第一座石拱桥,也是当今世界上第一座石拱桥。唐代文人赞美桥如“初月出云,长虹饮涧”这座桥建于隋朝公元6xx年至618年,由一名普通的石匠李春所建,距今已有1400多年的历史。在漫长的岁月中,虽然经过无数次洪水冲击、风吹雨打、冰雪风霜的侵蚀和8次地震的考验,却安然无恙,巍然挺立在清水河上。

李春设计的赵州桥,桥身长50.82米,宽9.60米,大拱的净跨度长37.37米,拱高7.23米。他考虑,为使桥面坡度小,将桥高与跨度呈1:5的比例,这样既便于行人来往,也便于车辆通行;拱顶高,又便于桥下行船。他又在大拱的两肩上,各做两个小拱,使得整个桥型显得格外均衡、对称,既便于雨季泄洪,又节省了建筑材料。其结构雄伟壮丽、奇巧多姿、布局合理,多为后人所效仿。李春设计的桥面坦直,共分三股,中间走车马,两旁走行人,不仅可使秩序井然,且又能防止交通事故的发生。可见,在1300多年前,在技术十分落后的情况下,一个普通石匠李春有这样高超的技术,实为难能可贵。

李春选用的石料和石料砌法技艺与众不同。他采用长方形石料,每块重约一吨,在1350多年前的隋朝,李春在没有起重机和吊车的情况下,运如此之重的大石头是何等的艰辛。这充分显示了中国古代汉族劳动人民的伟大智慧。可见李春付出了多大的心血和代价!

李春带领其他工匠,将石料各面部凿有细密的斜纹,使石块相互咬合扣紧。全桥由28道独立的石拱纵向并列组成。他想,这样可以使每道石拱圈各自独立负荷载重,又便利于修缮。为了加强各拱圈的连接,他又采用9道铁梁贯于拱背之上,接着用腰铁嵌入拱石之间,使桥能“奇巧固护,用于天下”。

最后,李春又组织能工巧匠,在桥面的两侧石栏杆上,刻有许多精美的古典雕刻艺术,图案细腻,刀法苍劲有力,雕刻灵变,各种鸟兽龙腾虎跃,欲飞若动,形象逼真,堪称隋唐时代雕刻艺术的佳作。这种拱上加拱“敞肩拱”的新式桥型,这样的布局,采用这样的巨形跨度,构成这样的优美的造型,是李春在世界上的首创。在欧洲,14世纪才出现法国泰克河上的赛雷桥,但是,比中国赵州桥晚了700多年,并且早已被洪水毁坏无存。所以,李春造的赵州桥是全世界桥梁建筑史上唯一尚存的时间最长的一座,在世界占有重要地位,是相当有价值的。这是中国人民的骄傲和自豪。

这座历史悠久、结构奇特、造型美观、居世榜首的赵州桥,凝聚了李春的汗水和心血。李春成为中国、乃至世界建筑史上第一位桥梁专家。

但是,关于李春的生平事迹却没有留下更多的记载。就连隋朝之后的唐朝人,也只有"制造奇特赵州桥的人是隋匠李春"等数语记载。在赵州桥建成1xx年以后的唐朝开元xx年(公元726年)中书令张嘉贞在《安济桥铭》中简略提到:“赵州清水河石桥,隋匠李春之迹也,制造奇特,人不知其所为。”这说明,在封建社会里,劳动人民的创造发明,不知有多少被埋没了。

特别值得提出的是赵州桥的基础非常坚固。1350年来,两边桥基下沉水平只差5厘米,这说明李春桥址选择科学合理。赵州桥桥基,是建筑在清水河河床的白粗沙层上,既没有打桩,也没有其他石料,桥台仅用五层石料砌成,桥基很牢,结构简单。在1350年前,李春就敢用这样天然地基来承担大桥的全部重量,可见李春对工程学、力学、建筑学、水文、地质等都有深刻的理解。李春有这么多科学知识,无疑是他从劳动实践中获得和积累的。显示了我国古代劳动人民的伟大智慧,李春的名字也会在人们脑海里永垂不朽。

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇六

����

�������ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ì±ï¿½×¼êµï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½æ¾ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ä·ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸òºï¿½×¿ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½øµã£º1������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;2��æ·î¶ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½â¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½øµï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë³

������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

����

���������â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½îªã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ì¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½

����1����ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°;

����3��ע������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����4��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������ý½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½

����1��öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ù»ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡¢¹ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½æ³ç¡¢î©ï¿½ï¿½î©ð¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2������ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬°ï¿½ï¿½õ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û´ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£

����3������ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ãµä¹ï¿½ô³é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ðºí¶ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ö®ï¿½é¡£

����

�����������ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½å£¬êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ì½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½äµã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½é¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ð§ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ðµä·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������롣��ç°,��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î¡ï¿½

�������߽��ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½òªï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½

�����è½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½íºéµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºéµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼«ï¿½ð²ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½é·ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºé»ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ã¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ò©ï¿½ã¼ï¿½öµï¿½è¡ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½êµï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿í¹ûµï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½

�����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü°ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

�����ë½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬°ï¿½ï¿½õ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬»á¼±ï¿½ðµï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°¸£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡£½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ç¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªí¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºó£¬¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ð°¸£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

�������ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½

�����ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±é²¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ±£´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¹ï¿½ï¿½þ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¹å¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½é°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ó£¬¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?

����ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½âµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ò»ç§ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ê£¬â¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼è»ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ë²ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë¿é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·êµï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½é£ï¿½ç¿ï¿½è¸ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä³é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½îºî½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµ¨´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ãµä¹ï¿½ô³é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

����í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½â¾³ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½î£ï¿½ç§ï¿½ë°ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´«í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û´ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ë¾«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¾«£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ê¡ï¿½

�����ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ú¹å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸òºï¿½×¿ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ü¹ï¿½è¡ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¾í¡ï¿½

���������å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ð´ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºó±ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ò²ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³¯ï¿½ï¿½ôª6xx����618�꣬��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1400�������ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´µï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢±ï¿½ñ©ï¿½ï¿½ëªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½8�îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½é£¬è´ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡è»í¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½

�������æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½50.82�ף���9.60�ף��󹰵ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è³ï¿½37.37�ף�����7.23�ס������ç£ï¿½îªê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è³ï¿½1��5�ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½;�����ߣ��ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ó¹°µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ô³æ£ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¾ð¹ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ö½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½î°×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¹ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½â¹êµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1300����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµîªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿é¹ï¿½

�����ñ¡ï¿½ãµï¿½ê¯ï¿½ïºï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï£ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ò»ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1350����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½øµä´ï¿½ê¯í·ï¿½çºîµèµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»û¡ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñªï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½!

���������������������ê¯ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½æ²¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½üµï¿½ð±ï¿½æ£ï¿½ê¹ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ò§ï¿½ï¿û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½28��������ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½9���������ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ë¹°ê¯ö®ï¿½ä£¬ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ì»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������ö¯ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¾«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¼ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å·ï¿½þ£ï¿½14���í²å³ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì©ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½700���꣬�������ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ù»ï¿½ï¿½þ´æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½î¨ò»ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³¤ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àµ±ï¿½ð¼ï¿½öµï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������ê·ï¿½æ¾ã¡ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½äºï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½¨ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ïµï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¨ï¿½ò¡ï¿½

�������ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½â¼ï¿½è´ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³¯ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ò²ö»ï¿½ï¿½"�������������åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½³ï¿½î´º"��������ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1xx���ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªxx��(��ôª726��)�������å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½å½³ï¿½î´ºö®ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ë²ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·â½¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ì·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ù±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

�����ø±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½1350�����������å»ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ë®æ½ö»ï¿½ï¿½5���ף���ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ö·ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½óºó´ï¿½ï¿½ä°×´ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð´ï¿½×®ï¿½ï¿½ò²ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½òµ¥¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1350��ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµè¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ãºí»ï¿½ï¿½ûµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»û£ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡£

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇七

1、教材简介

《浪之歌》与本单元的其他文章一样,也是散文诗,主要运用抒情的表达方式。在这首散文诗里,海浪被诗人赋予一个浪漫的花的形象,它不仅是“海岸”的情人,在它的形象里融入了更深广的喻义,它成为人世世界的守护者。

2、教学目标

结合本单元的特点,本节课的学习目标定为:

知识目标:积累“执拗、憔悴、馈赠、真谛、海誓山盟、长吁短叹”等词语;理解作者笔下海浪的形象。

能力目标:学习文章优美的语言中所蕴含的丰富哲理;把握诗文的节奏和美妙的意境,并从中理解诗歌的主题。

情感、态度、价值观目标:感悟诗中闪烁着的理性光辉,引导学生热爱自然、敬畏生命。

3、分析教材编写思路、结构特点及重点难点

不同于真实世界,在这首散文诗里,海浪首先是作为“海岸”的情人出现,前四节里铺陈出的是一个热恋中的女性形象,在周而复始的潮汐律动中与爱人难舍难分。接下来,这个女性形象融进了更深广的喻义,它成为人间世界的守护者。在这里,海浪已经幻化为诗人自己的形象。

教学重点:朗读课文,体会文章的情感内涵;理解作者笔下海浪的形象。

教学难点:理解文章的情感内涵。

散文诗的内涵较深沉,对初二的学生来讲,要理解难度较大。但由于学生生活在海边,对大海、对海浪比较熟悉,学习本文,可以调动学生的生活经验进行重点突破。

依据新课标标准理念,本节课我主要采用以下教学方法实施教学。

1、朗读法:对于诗歌,朗读尤为重要,只有反复朗读,才能领会其中深刻而丰富的内涵。

2、自读探究法:让学生在读的过程中,发挥集体的力量,自主学习,探究诗歌的内涵。

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇八

����

����1��������

�������׺ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªé¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ä«ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ºï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ç¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½×ºó¶ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½â¸òµï¿½æ·ï¿½ê¡ï¿½

����2����î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½

�������׺ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼êµï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²á£©ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½î±ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½

����3����ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º

������ öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½

������ ����ä¿ï¿½ê£ºæ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ ���ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ºï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ç¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£

�������ï½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

����4����ñ§ï¿½øµã£º

��������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����5����ñ§ï¿½ñµã£º

�����������߽辰���㷢��ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ä¹û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����1��ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ò¶ê¥ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾³ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ç¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½é¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½â¾³ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

����2��ä¿ï¿½êµ¼ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ôºí»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½í³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½

����

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ò¡£¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºí»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½

����

����

��������ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½æ£ºï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ë®í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²í¼ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ç¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°×ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½

�������ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªã½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ç¾°ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½â¿îµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½

����

������ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ä¶ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½

������î§ï¿½æ°×ºó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½øµã£¿

����������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½

���������ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ì·ñ¶¨£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»ñ£¬´ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ß°ï¿½ï¿½é£©

�������ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸õ²åµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������裺

������òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

��������ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ã¿ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼ï¿½1�ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶èµä¡ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹©è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ç£ºa��������������úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½b��î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½å²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½c������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ºó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ð´ï¿½×ºï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ç¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½òªð´ï¿½ëµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ï¿½ï¿½á³«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ò²ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4�����裬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬´ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½á½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

����

����òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªð´ï¿½ãºãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½üµä¾ù´ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����������è»ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½é·ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½«ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»¯ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

������������������������������������׺�׳���ä·ç¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¶ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½×ºó¶ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½â¸òµï¿½æ·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ä£¬ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇九

����

����1���ì²ä¼ï¿½ï¿½

��������ö®ï¿½è¡·ï¿½ë±¾ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï·½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ê«ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

����2����ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½

������ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½

����öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ö´ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ã²¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;�������߱��âºï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ä¿ï¿½ê£ºñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ä·á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½;����ê«ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

������ð¡ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3�������ì²ä±ï¿½ð´ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½øµã¼°ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½

������í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ç°ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½å®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï«ï¿½é¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ·ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½îªê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½;�������߱��âºï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����é¢ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è½ï´ó¡£µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ô´óº£¡ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ë±è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½í»ï¿½æ¡ï¿½

����

���������â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµê©ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

����1���ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2���ô¶ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十

1、简析:

《白河》这篇散文以浓墨重彩描绘了湘西白河壮美的风景,如一幅画卷展现在读者面前,一方水土养一方人,白河独特的自然环境造就了湘西独有的风土人情:人民既顽强地与自然抗争,更和谐地与自然融为一体,表现了湘西人民勤劳善良、智慧勇敢的品质。

2、地位、作用:

《白河》是八年级新课程标准实验教科书自读课本(上册)中的一篇文质兼美的散文。散文的独特美质就在于:能够让读者通过一个十分精粹、亲切的形式,读到作者对于人生或自然的感悟。在课堂教学的基础上,将自读课本中的散文作为延续教学指导学生自读,让他们以自身的感悟来理解文章所蕴含的深刻含义,这种感悟教学能培养学生的观察、分析、理解、概括等能力,更有助于培养学生良好的思想道德情感。

3、教学目标:

① 知识目标:整体把握,了解作者的写作意图。

② 能力目标:品味语言,体会重点语句对表达作者情感的作用;掌握本文情景交融的写作手法。

③ 情感目标:体悟作者爱湘西白河壮美的风景,更赞美湘西人民的.思想感情。

以上教学目标是以知识教学、能力训练和思想感情教育三个方面,结合散文的教学特点而确定的。

4、教学重点:

三个目标各有侧重点,均是教学重点,因为是根据新课程标准要求学生所要达到的目标而定。

5、教学难点:

体悟作者借景所抒发的思想感情。因为作者借语言文字所抒发的是主观感悟。学生阅读、欣赏作品,同时会产生感悟,这是一种对作品的深层理解,它需要学生以自身的体验和感情去解读作品,进行创造性的思考和探索,如果没有对生活的细心观察、用心体会和一定的联想、想象能力,学生无法体悟作者的主观感悟。

1、台阶情景教学法:

叶圣陶:作者胸有境,入境始与亲。学生认识世界,主要是通过形象去进行的。教师在散文教学中要善于把学生带入课文描绘的情境,让学生深切地体会教材的情与理。台阶情景教学法,就是在课堂教学过程中设置若干个台阶式的情景,激发学生的热情,从而达到“老师教得轻松,学生学得愉快,且能全面提高学生素质”的教学目标。本课一开始利用多媒体显示画面创设情境,以湘西美丽的风景画面吸引学生,激发学生的兴趣,让他们带着向往与热情进入文本的学习。教学过程中又层层设疑创设情景,启发学生思考,调动学生的学习兴趣,使学生认识“物”,感受“情”,了解“理”,发展“智”,达到意境教学的目的。

2、目标导学法:

围绕所确定的教学目标,让学生“自主式”阅读分析,引导学生主动发现。引导发现法属于启发式教学,是通过教师的引导,启发调动学生的学习积极性,让学生在课堂上多活动、多观察,主动参与到整个教学的过程中去,通过自己的努力,发现现象,总结规律。它符合教学论中自觉性和积极性,教师的主导作用和学生的主体地位相统一的原则。

通过本节课的教学,教师应引导学生学会品读、感悟的学习方法。学生通过阅读优美的写景文字获得美的情感体验,从而产生对人生或自然的感悟。鼓励每个学生都动口、动脑,积极思考,培养学生学习的主动性和积极性。

(多媒体显示几幅有关湘西美景的画面:青山绿水图、悬崖峭壁图、急流险滩图等。)

教师边展示边导入:湘西以其优美的自然环境和特有的风土人情越来越受到世人的关注。现代著名作家沈从文不仅出生在这块古老而美丽的土地上,《边城》一文更以恬淡优美的文笔展现了这块神奇、神秘的土地,令人向往。同学们,愿意跟着老师去湘西的白河走走看看吗?(生:愿意)(教师:板书课题、作者)

设计原理:这段导语,通过引进画面作为媒介,给学生以直观感受,让学生在欣赏优美的自然风景的同时情绪被调动起来,产生向往之情,从而激发学生的兴趣,调动他们学习新课的积极性。

多媒体显示阅读要求:

①围绕白河,作者着重描写了哪些景物?有什么特点?

②在描写景物的同时,作者又描写了哪些人物?意在表现什么?

感悟的前提是熟悉文本。以教师范读、学生个别读、集体读的形式完成文章的朗读,教师对学生的朗读作简单评价(读音、节奏)。考虑到本文写景的语言优美、富于变化,个别字词学生阅读、理解上有一定困难,而且字词教学作为基础教学不可以全盘否定,教师可结合学生的朗读情况有针对性进行正音、释义(结合语境)。

然后组织全班同学围绕以上两个问题谈自己初读课文后的收获,从而达到整体感知课文内容的目的。(教师结合学生的回答边总结归纳边板书)

设计原理:在刚才的教学中,通过设疑和朗读课文,引导学生初步感知并了解课文所描写的主要内容;读后鼓励学生动脑、动口,谈对课文的自我理解、自我感受,尊重学生独特的情感体验,意在调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,有利于培养学生自主学习的能力。

步骤:

①要求学生在速读课文中自悟质疑。

②组织学生在小组内交流疑难问题,力求探究解决问题的方法。

③每小组推荐1人,提出小组内讨论中仍不懂的问题,供全班探究。

④全班研讨各小组提出的疑难问题。(此时,教师应根据同学们的提问进行归纳,然后提出共性的、学生理解上有一定难度的、涉及文章主旨的问题供全班研讨。如:a、如何理解悬崖于河于水是伟男子,于生命却不是胜利者和自豪者?b结尾“岁月依旧而去而来。白河依旧而去而来。人类的脚步与歌声依旧而去而来。”表达什么意思?c文章题为《白河》,只写白河壮美的风景即可,为什么还要写人的活动?本文表现了作者怎样的情感?)

设计原理:新课程提倡自主、合作、探究的学习方式,倡导学生主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动脑,培养分析和解决问题、合作与交流等能力。而提高合作学习的有效性是关键。因而教师要精心组织:个别学习与合作学习形式的整合,合理分组,明确合作任务,组织全班交流等。同时,教师也应深入到每个小组,成为组织者、引导者、参与者,发挥应有的作用。以上4个步骤,通过学生读中质疑、合作探究、积极讨论、主动发现、得出结论,学生可以相互间实现信息与资源的整合,不断扩展和完善自我认知,有助于学生将作者的主观感悟转化为自身的感悟,从而达成教学目标。同时,使学生在合作学习中学会交往、学会参与、学会倾听、学会尊重他人。

要求:找出文中你认为写得好的或深受感动的语句,读一读并说明理由。

(学生先在小组内交流,然后全班交流。)

设计原理:这是尊重学生个性化理解和感受的举措,鼓励学生各抒己见,大胆想象和联想,有助于培养学生的创新思维和创新能力。

人与自然密不可分。自古以来,人类就是在与自然的抗争、融合中不断前进着。那么今天,我们又将如何来看待人与自然的关系呢?(鼓励学生结合生活实际来谈,提出一些有建设性的意见和看法。)

设计原理:这一问题将学生的视角引向现实社会、人类的生存环境,激发学生关注自然、社会、人生的情感态度,既深化了对文章内容的理解,又培养了学生的人文素养。

本文以恬淡优美的语言文字描绘了湘西白河壮美的风景,深深地吸引着读者,一方水土养一方人,更感人的是:白河独特的自然环境孕育了湘西人民勤劳善良、智慧勇敢的品质,他们既与自然顽强地抗争,更与自然和谐地融为一体。作者对湘西风土人情的赞美渗透在字里行间,情景交融:景美人情更美。

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十一

《吆喝》是人教版八年级上册第一单元的一篇回忆性散文。本单元以民间文化为主题,所选文章涉及趣味盎然、生动丰富的民俗以及民间艺人轶事,文笔生动,妙趣横生。《吆喝》写的是现实中业已渐行渐远的“生活交响曲”,质朴简单,但趣味良多。往昔生活片断,人生的种种印象仿佛都随着这吆喝声而鲜活起来。学习本文,不仅让我们了解民间蕴藏的丰厚的文化艺术积淀,更让我们多了一份细腻的情感体验。本文语言典雅、蕴藉,但又很平易,我准备用一个课时完成教学任务。

1、知识和能力:朗读课文,整体把握文意,理清文章思路,学习作者合理介绍纷繁复杂事物的方法。

2、过程与方法:揣摩语言,体会吆喝声的浓郁的地方特色和独特的艺术魅力,理解作者的情感。

3、情感与态度:感受京城特色的民俗、民风;体验中国地方文化的魅力,品味日常生活中的动人底蕴,做生活的有心人。

理清文章思路,品味语言,感受民风、民俗,理解作者的情感。

感受民风、民俗,体会作者的情感。

情景导入法 合作探究法

自主学习法 诵读品味法 创造性学习法

(播放多媒体电视广告)

黑芝麻糊哩——那悠长深情的声音,让我们产生很多美好的联想。

这则广告的创意就来自民间的吆喝。今天就让我们一起走进萧乾的《吆喝》,去聆听京味十足的吆喝,感受作者对吆喝怀有的特殊情感。

以此导入,点题并激发学生兴趣。

1、学生借助资料介绍作者。

2、学生借助工具书扫清字词障碍

此环节学生自主完成为主,教师补充为辅。

学生听读课文录音,老师依次出示以下问题:

1、 边听边圈点勾画出文章介绍了哪些老北京的吆喝声?

2、 作者是按照怎样的顺序来介绍这些繁杂的吆喝声的?

生反馈、师总结:本文按从早到晚、春夏秋冬一年四季的时间顺序,介绍北京林林总总的吆喝声,这种组织材料的方法真的是很值得我们学习的。

听读的过程中整体感知文章内容。

过渡:如此丰富的吆喝声,哪些是你最欣赏的?

1、 自由朗读课文找出你最喜欢的吆喝声,说说为什么喜欢并试着模仿表演。

在学生品评的基础上,师总结:这小小的吆喝词,真可谓手法多样,贴切生动,比喻、拟人、夸张,写形、写色、写味儿,还有诗般的韵律,音乐的美感,京味儿的唱腔,平实中透着儒雅,质朴又不失鲜活。

学生自选例子品评并模仿的过程中考察学生对吆喝这种民俗的理解情况,并以表演的形式活跃课堂气氛。

过渡:调动我们的联想和想象,看看这一声声的美妙的吆喝把我们带回了什么时代,看到了什么样的场景,又是什么样的人民组成了这样的场景呢?作者在这样的场景下生活得如何?

2、默读品味:

(1)你看到了北京城什么样的景象?

热闹的街巷,丰富的物品,特色的小吃,北京人的早晚四季的生活场景。

(2)这样的场景中的人给你留下什么样的印象?

纯朴的、善良的、乐观的、热情的、也有不劳而获的,虚假的

(3)作者在这样的场景下生活得如何?从哪里看的出来?

吞小金鱼、留着鼻涕吃烤白薯,吓个大马趴……

(4)这些体现了作者怎样的情感?

学生发言,谈自己的领悟和感受,师点拨后总结:作者在描写中流露出对往事的美好回忆,那种至今想来人忍俊不禁的情感流露在字里行间。同时赞扬了老北京人热情乐观的生活态度,自信豁达的人生境界,这境界就是民俗文化的精髓所在,更表达了作者这种民俗文化的喜爱与赞美之情。

通过以上环节,解决难点:感受民俗、民风,体会作者流露的情感。

现在的吆喝声基本都被铺天盖地的广告所取代,所以有人说,在大众传媒如此发达的今天, 吆喝还有什么作用?请你具体说说。你更喜欢吆喝还是广告?为什么?

教师总结:其实,不仅北京有吆喝,我国各地都有。而且由于各地语言、风土人情不同,吆喝也各有不同.现在,这种口头广告正逐渐消失。但作为一种文化遗产,吆喝自有其独特的艺术魅力,我们应注意抢救。

通过以上环节,拓展延伸,完成目标3。

生活中从来都不缺乏美,只是缺少发现美的眼睛。这用来评价《吆喝》一文再恰当不过。街头巷尾经常回荡着的商贩的吆喝声,在无心人听来,或许顿生厌烦。但在有生活情趣的人听来,却是优美动人的音律,是一种应当被记载在史册中的文化遗产。随着岁月的流逝,这一切都将深深地烙进心灵深处成为一种美好的回忆。

1.自己为一种商品创造一则吆喝广告。

八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十二

����

������ߺ�è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°è¤î¶ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è¡ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¼òµ¥£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²øµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ì½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºï¿½æ½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����1��öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2�������뷽������ä¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½

����3�������ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

����

������������ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½

����

����������硢���ף�������ߵ���ð¡ï¿½

����

�����龰���뷨 ����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

��������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ �ð¶ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ ������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½

����

����

���������å¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½æ£©

������ö¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£

����������ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¬ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ßºï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ßºï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½

�����ô´ëµï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½

����

����1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½

�����ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£º

����1�� ������è¦ï¿½ã¹´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2�� �����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½

������������ê¦ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ò£¬½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

���������ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½

����

�������é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä£ï¿½

����1�� �����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµîªê²ã´ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½â±ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è´ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ð´ï¿½î¡ï¿½ð´é«ï¿½ï¿½ð´î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½æ½êµï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ê§ï¿½ê»î¡£

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½âµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½

�������é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½

����2��ä¬ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½

������1���㿴���ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������öµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������2�������ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½

�������óµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ûµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ò²ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùµï¿½

������3�������������ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿´ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������4����ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ä¡£í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½â¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é¡£

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½

����

�������úµï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµøµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ߺ�è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�������ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½æ£¿îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½

������ê¦ï¿½ü½á£ºï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²»í¬ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½í¬.���ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½3��

����

���������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ù·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ßºï¿½è¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á·³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½å²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´¦ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ä¡£

����

����1.�ô¼ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½è¹ï¿½æ¡£

全文阅读已结束,如果需要下载本文请点击

下载此文档
猜你喜欢 网友关注 本周热点 软件
日常生活中的小事情也值得总结,它们对我们的成长和发展有着潜移默化的影响。学会适应变化,是我们在快速变化的世界中生存必备的能力。范文展示了不同种类的总结,可以帮助
通过总结,我们可以更好地反思自己的行为和决策是否符合初衷。写总结时要注重思考和反思,分析问题的原因和解决方法。如果你正在写总结,这些范文可以帮助你更好地理解总结
心得体会是我们在学习和工作生活中的一种总结和概括,它能够帮助我们更好地思考和沉淀。心得体会是一种对自己一段时间表现的反思,从而可以找到自己的不足和进步的方向。写
"心得体会是对自己在学习、工作或生活中的心情、感受和体验的总结和概括。它是一种对过去经历和经验的深刻思考和反思,可以帮助我们更好地成长和进步。我已经积累了很多心
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下
总结是对过去的一种回顾,可以帮助我们更好地面对未来的挑战。分析总结的结果和意义,提出进一步改进和发展的建议。总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面我给大家整理了
总结是一种培养学习习惯和自我管理能力的重要手段。总结前先梳理思绪,确保全面而有条理;以下是小编为大家整理的各类总结范文,供大家参考和学习。2班运动会口号篇一2、
回顾过去的学习经验,总结能够帮助我们找到更有效的学习方法。如何写一篇令人信服的演讲总结?以下是一些经典的总结范文,希望能够给我们带来一些灵感和思考。大学毕业生个
计划是提高工作与学习效率的一个前提。做好一个完整的工作计划,才能使工作与学习更加有效的快速的完成。优秀的计划都具备一些什么特点呢?又该怎么写呢?那么下面我就给大
当工作或学习进行到一定阶段或告一段落时,需要回过头来对所做的工作认真地分析研究一下,肯定成绩,找出问题,归纳出经验教训,提高认识,明确方向,以便进一步做好工作,
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢?下面我
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到
通过总结,我们可以更好地了解自己的成长和进步。如何写一篇畅销小说,吸引读者的注意力呢?总结范文可以给我们提供一些写作思路和参考案例。八年级语文上册说课稿篇一各位
计划可以帮助我们规划好未来的目标,并采取有效的步骤去实现它们。那么如何制定一个好的计划呢?首先,我们需要明确自己的目标和需求,从整体上把握自己要完成的任务。其次
不管做什么事情,都要有始有终,才能取得好的结果。其次,我们可以通过整理和归纳信息的方式来梳理思路,确定总结的主要观点和重点。以下是一些通用的总结范文,供大家参考
总结是对过去的经历进行一个回顾和概括,是提高自身能力的重要方式之一。怎样提高自己的写作能力?如果你需要一些写总结的启示和帮助,这里有一些具有参考价值的总结例子。
传记是记述一个人一生经历和成就的文学作品,可以帮助读者了解历史人物的生活和思想。总结应该重点突出对重要问题的解决或进展。总结是一种重要的反思方式,以下是小编整理
时间流逝得如此之快,前方等待着我们的是新的机遇和挑战,是时候开始写计划了。怎样写计划才更能起到其作用呢?计划应该怎么制定呢?以下是小编收集整理的工作计划书范文,
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?接下来小编就给大家介绍一
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们
光阴的迅速,一眨眼就过去了,很快就要开展新的工作了,来为今后的学习制定一份计划。计划书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇计划呢?以下是小编收集整理的工作计划书
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下面是小编为大家收集的优
时间过得真快,总在不经意间流逝,我们又将续写新的诗篇,展开新的旅程,该为自己下阶段的学习制定一个计划了。相信许多人会觉得计划很难写?以下是小编为大家收集的计划范
学会接受失败和挫折是人生中必须具备的品质,它能够让我们从失败中吸取教训并不断成长。怎样才能将一段复杂的内容简洁明了地总结出来?以下是小编为大家整理的阅读技巧,供
计划可以帮助我们集中精力,减少拖延和分心。创造性思维和灵活性是制定计划时应该具备的品质,能够适应变化和改进。以下是小编为大家收集的计划范文,仅供参考,大家一起来
人与自然的关系是人类一直以来不断探索的课题,我们应该怎样理解和应对这种关系呢?注意语言的准确性和表达的清晰度,避免模糊和歧义。以下是一些关于写作技巧和方法的总结
计划可以使我们目标明确,增加工作的有效性。那么如何制定一份有效的计划呢?我们可以先明确目标,然后分解任务,合理安排时间,制定具体的行动步骤,并进行必要的调整和评
人生充满了各种各样的选择,我们应该学会慎重考虑并做出正确的决策。要写一篇较为完美的总结,首先需要明确总结的目标和范围。范文是优秀作品的集合,通过阅读范文可以提高
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面是小
兴趣是人们在特定领域或活动中产生的物质和精神需求,它可以激发人们的热情和动力。写总结时要注意结构清晰、言简意赅,以便读者能够快速理解。以下是小编为大家整理的一些
这个项目的进展并不顺利,我们需要重新评估我们的策略。在总结中要突出重点,展示自己的发现和收获。这些总结范文可以帮助我们更好地理解总结的重要性和目的。一年级数学说
时间流逝得如此之快,我们的工作又迈入新的阶段,请一起努力,写一份计划吧。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的计划吗?下面是小编为大家带来的计划书优秀范文,希望大
推理是一种逻辑思维的过程,它可以帮助我们从已知的信息中得出推断和判断。写一份出色的求职信需要哪些要点?总结是一个重要的工具,以下是一些优秀总结范文,让你更好地掌
总结是一种整合和提炼信息的过程,可以让我们更好地理清思路和发现问题。写总结时,可以尝试采用一些实例或案例,增加总结的具体性。如果你正在写一篇总结,不妨看看以下范
通过总结,我们可以清楚地了解自己在学习和工作生活中取得的成绩和进展。写总结时要用简练的语言表达自己的观点,并避免冗长和啰嗦。这些范文从不同的角度和层面对事物进行
在当下社会,接触并使用报告的人越来越多,不同的报告内容同样也是不同的。怎样写报告才更能起到其作用呢?报告应该怎么制定呢?下面是小编带来的优秀报告范文,希望大家能
人际交往是社会生活的重要组成部分,我们应该提高交际能力。在写总结时,我们要客观地回顾自己的经历和成绩,不要过分夸大或贬低。通过阅读他人的总结范文,可以发现共同的
科学是我们认识和改造世界的工具,它推动了人类社会的进步。写一篇较为完美的总结,首先要明确总结的目的和范围。以上范文只是供参考,你可以根据自己的兴趣和需求选择适合
观察是通过目睹、感知和记录来获取信息和了解事物的行为或过程。总结应该针对自己的目标和计划,提出具体的改进措施和行动计划。一份好的总结范文可以为您提供思路和参考,
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅
定期总结不仅可以让我们更清楚地了解自己的优缺点,还能找到进一步提升的机会。写总结时,要注重反思和总结的价值,从中汲取经验和教训。以下是相关领域的经验总结,供参考
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?以下是我为大家搜集的优质
每个人都曾试图在平淡的学习、工作和生活中写一篇文章。写作是培养人的观察、联想、想象、思维和记忆的重要手段。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写?以下是我为大家搜集的优质范
无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够
总结是我们对自己所经历的事情进行记录和梳理的过程,它可以让我们更加明确自己的目标和方向。写总结可以借鉴他人的经验,但也要保持独立思考和个性化。以下是小编为大家整
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅读。表达青春励志的句子短句
总结可以让我们对自己的努力和成长有更清晰的认知。总结需要客观真实,避免夸大或缩小事实的发生和影响。鉴于总结对于个人成长和发展的重要性,以下是一些优秀的总结范文,
总结是一种反思和思考的过程,有助于我们在工作中不断提升和进步。如何撰写一本生动有趣的回忆录?推荐一些优秀的总结模板,供大家参考和借鉴。给民警的表扬信篇一丽水市遂
只有进行全面的总结,我们才能真正认识到自己的长处和短处,为自己的进步找到方向。首先,要明确总结的目标和范围。通过学习别人的经验和教训,我们可以避免犯同样的错误。
学习是一种持续发展的过程,我们应该保持不断追求进步的态度。注意文段的连贯性,避免信息断层;阅读总结范文能够开拓思维,提高总结能力。八年级上册语文说课稿篇一1、教
总结不仅仅是总结成绩,更重要的是为了研究经验,发现做好工作的规律,也可以找出工作失误的教训。这些经验教训是非常宝贵的,对工作有很好的借鉴与指导作用,在今后工作中
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?
总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料,它可以促使我们思考,我想我们需要写一份总结了吧。什么样的总结才是有效的呢?以下是小编精心整
范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面是小编
总结是一种有效的学习方法,它可以加深我们对知识的理解和记忆。总结时要先明确总结的目的和范围,这样有利于我们更有针对性地整理信息。以下是一些总结的典型范文,供大家
报告的结构通常包括封面、摘要、目录、引言、方法、结果、讨论和结论等部分。如何选择合适的结构和组织方式来呈现报告的内容?以下是小编为大家收集的报告范文,仅供参考,
工作学习中一定要善始善终,只有总结才标志工作阶段性完成或者彻底的终止。通过总结对工作学习进行回顾和分析,从中找出经验和教训,引出规律性认识,以指导今后工作和实践
制定计划的关键是灵活性,我们需要学会适应变化和调整计划。计划的制定可以借鉴他人的经验和成功案例,避免重复劳动和不必要的错误。最后,希望大家能够利用这些范文,更好
在公共演讲中,演讲稿起到提纲和引导的作用,能够帮助演讲者更加清晰地组织思路。演讲稿需要格外留意开头和结尾,以吸引听众和留下深刻印象。无论是学术演讲、庆典演讲还是
教育是培养人的全面发展和成才的过程。如何在旅途中合理安排时间和预算?以下是一些经典范文,希望能够为您的写作提供一些新的思路和方法。工程造价专业自荐书篇一尊敬的领
分析是通过对事物进行细致而系统的观察,以求更好地了解其本质和特征。了解读者的需求和背景,可以更好地选择合适的写作方式和表达方式。总结是一种重要的思维方式,以下是
在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下
全球化是当今社会发展的一个重要趋势,也是我们需要了解和适应的。怎样写好一篇有说服力的议论文是我们需要探索的问题之一。以下是小编为大家整理的减压方法,希望对大家有
在日常的学习、工作、生活中,肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以
10.写好一篇演讲稿需要多加练习和反复修改,不断提高自己的表达能力。需要充分了解听众的背景和兴趣,以便在演讲中引起他们的共鸣。在写演讲稿时,可以参考这些范文,借
人类的思维方式决定了我们对世界的认识,那么总结就是对这种认识进行概括的手段之一。写总结时要注重整体思维,对所总结的事物进行整体分析和评估,避免片面和偏颇。在总结
总结通常涉及回顾过去的经验、总结关键问题以及提出改进和发展的建议。在总结中,我们可以适当运用一些例子或实例来更具体地说明问题。以下是小编为大家收集的总结范文,希
每个人都曾试图在平淡的学习、工作和生活中写一篇文章。写作是培养人的观察、联想、想象、思维和记忆的重要手段。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?下面
每个人都应该经常进行总结,这有助于我们发现问题并做出改进。写总结时,可以运用逻辑思维和分析能力,提炼出问题的本质和解决的思路。掌握总结的技巧和方法,我们能够写出
总结可以让我们更好地认识自己,发现自己的优势和不足,以便于更好地发挥自己的长处。写总结时,可以参考一些成功人士或行业专家的经验和观点,提升自己的总结能力。下面是
总结是对过去经验的总结和提炼,可以帮助我们更好地规划未来。如何平衡工作与生活,提高生活质量是现代人面临的挑战。在这里,小编为大家整理了一些写总结的技巧和注意事项
总结是一种思考和反思的方式,通过总结,我们可以更好地了解自己的成长和进步。如何保护自然资源和生物多样性呢?总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括
时刻保持积极的态度,才能在困难面前保持心态稳定。写总结时要有一定的逻辑性,按照时间顺序或者逻辑顺序进行组织和归纳。以下是一些总结文章的评价标准和方法,供你参考。
musicolet
2025-08-21
Musicolet作为一款高质量音乐播放器,确实不负众望。它不仅汇集了海量的音乐资源,包括网络热歌与歌手新作,即便是小众歌曲也能轻松找到,满足不同用户的音乐需求。更重要的是,该软件干扰,提供清晰音质和完整歌词,为用户营造了一个纯净、沉浸式的听歌环境。对于追求高品质音乐体验的朋友来说,Musicolet绝对值得一试。
Anyview阅读器的历史版本是一款出色的在线小说阅读软件,它提供了详尽而全面的小说分类,涵盖了都市、武侠、玄幻、悬疑等多种类型的小说。用户可以随时在线阅读自己喜欢的小说,并且该软件还支持多种阅读模式和功能设置,让用户能够自由地免费阅读感兴趣的内容。这不仅为用户带来了全方位的追书体验,还配备了便捷的书架管理功能,方便用户轻松收藏热门小说资源,并随时查看小说更新情况,以便于下次继续阅读。欢迎对此感兴趣的用户下载使用。
BBC英语
2025-08-21
BBC英语是一款专为英语学习设计的软件,它提供了丰富多样的专业英语学习资源。无论你是想提高口语水平还是锻炼听力能力,这里都有专门针对这些需求的训练内容。此外,该软件还能智能地评估和纠正你的口语发音,帮助你使发音更加标准、记忆更加准确。
百度汉语词典
2025-08-21
百度汉语词典是一款专为汉语学习设计的软件。通过这款软件,用户能够访问到丰富的汉语学习资源,包括详细的学习计划和学习进度统计等功能,提供了非常全面的数据支持。该软件还支持汉字查询,并且可以进行多种词典内容的关联搜索,从而在很大程度上满足了用户对于汉语学习的各种需求。
屏幕方向管理器是一款专为用户提供手机方向控制服务的应用程序。作为一款专业的管理工具,它能够强制调整手机屏幕的旋转方向。这款应用程序提供了多种功能,使用户能够轻松选择个性化的屏幕旋转方式。此外,屏幕方向管理器还具备丰富的设置选项,让用户可以通过简单的操作实现更多个性化配置,使用起来既方便又快捷。

关于我们 | 网站导航 | 网站地图 | 购买指南 | 联系我们

联系电话:(0512)55170217  邮箱: 邮箱:3455265070@qq.com
考研秘籍网 版权所有 © kaoyanmiji.com All Rights Reserved. 工信部备案号: 闽ICP备2025091152号-1