在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?以下是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,欢迎大家分享阅读。
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇一
《台阶》是一篇以父亲为描述对象的短篇小说,现被选入人教版语文八年级上册第二单元。与本单元其他四篇不同,是小说,但也是叙事类作品,主要用叙述、描写的表达方式。通过作者的描写我们清楚地认识到“父亲”是一个普普通通的农民,他具有农民的朴实、淳朴、无私,而且敢于拼搏的精神。本文以父亲为主要描述对象,但此文并非表现父亲的作品,而是在表现一代农民形象,具有农民的老实厚道、要强、勤劳、朴实等品质外,这位父亲更是一个用劳动证明自己存在价值从而赢得别人尊重的人。这一点也正是他有别于普通农民之处。另外,全文以儿子的眼光关照父亲,除饱满对父亲的敬佩之情外,文字间也流露着辛酸,深沉地向着时代呼唤,亿万农民的希望在于先进的生产力。
根据教材及单元目标,我将本节课的目标制定如下:
教学目标:
知识与能力:体会领悟父亲的情感与性格。
过程与方法:学习用细节刻画人物的写法。
情感态度价值观:学习父亲艰苦创业的精神和坚韧不拔的毅力。
教学重点:领悟父亲的情感与性格。
教学难点:学习用细节刻画人物的写法。
教学方法:朗读品味法 自主、合作、探究法
教学时数:一课时
从台阶与父亲之间的关系切入,了解内容,初识人物,让学生整体感知全文,从而带动对全篇的深入研读和领悟。鼓励学生质疑问难,培养发问精神,采用自主合作的方式深入研读。在合作探究中相机点拨与引导,使学生更深地理解文章主题。教师在课前可让学生反复读小说文本,充分地熟悉情节,避免因文章本身太长和离学生生活较远而使学生在学习过程中产生畏难情绪。
《台阶》是一篇语文平实但内涵深刻的文章,不同的人对它的主题有着不同的解读,特别本文的主人公又是一位农民,对于八年级的学生来说,无疑是有一定难度的,但正因如此,它又是一篇研究性学习的理想教材。所以这堂课适合于采取自主、合作、探究的学习方法进行学习。
(一)导入:(课前播放崔京浩歌曲的《父亲》营造气氛)教师激情导入
画面、音乐创设情境,唤起美感,使学生思想感情产生共鸣,具有一种急待接触课文的内趋力,便于学生理解和体会课文所表达的思想感情。
(二)检查预习:
1、文学常识:
2、字词:
3、解词:
检查预习环节有利于培养学生良好的学习习惯,既督促部分不自觉的学生,又使大部分学生得到复习巩固。
(三)、初读课文 了解故事情节
1、说说故事梗概
2、一句话概括文章内容(提示:谁?干什么?怎么样?)
通过复述故事,学生初步把握情节,对人物也有一个初步感知,做到整体的把握。复述故事,也训练了学生快速阅读、勾画圈点法阅读以及培养学生信息筛选和概括能力
3、父亲为什么执意要造一座有高台阶的房屋呢?
设计这个问题的目的是让学生把握文章的线索和文眼。
三、速读课文 感知人物形象
父亲显然是一个有梦想,有追求的父亲,那么除此之外,在你心中,他还是一位怎样的父亲呢?
请用这样的句子说话:“他是一个 的父亲,第 段 行这样写道 。 ”
设计这一环节的目的是让学生筛选信息,掌握抓住关键词句进行人物赏析的方法,同时训练学生的口头表达能力,使学生能够完整流畅的表达,让学生自己感悟父亲身上勤劳、质朴又有所追求的品质,引领学生理解父亲形象的意蕴。
五、再读课文 品析精美语段
父亲有着如此优秀的品质,但他身上还有很多东西令我们深思,再读课文,品析精美语段,深入到父亲的内心世界。
按照提示,迅速找到以下片段,完成活动
1、准备之时(19-20段)
2、砌成之时 (21段)
3、砌成之后 (30-32段)
活动一:
准备之时——揣摩父亲的心理,在20段第一句话后加入父亲的心理描写。
朗读,根据你的理解,在20段第1句后用第一人称加入父亲的心理描写。
(表现他内心强烈的渴望、难以抑制的兴奋之情。)
你是从哪些细节体会到父亲这种强烈的喜悦的?
(例:起床的时间 劳动的动作、身姿 )
活动二:
砌成之时——本段运用了 描写方法,体现了父亲 的心理。
(可以独立思考,也可以讨论交流。)
——动作、神态 无奈、高兴
小结:生活的艰辛和重压使父亲“驼惯了”,让这位父亲已经不习惯于接受别人的关注,而习惯低下头来做人。这是一种复杂的内心活动,说明台阶虽然高了,但地位没高,之所以“无法挺得起”,不仅是生活的重压,还有谦卑的做人态度,这一切都来源于贫穷。正因为贫穷,父亲心中才充满了强烈的想要改变自己贫穷生活和命运的渴望。
活动三:
砌成之后——①30段哪些词语应该重读?(要强)
②31、32段应读出怎演的语气和情感?(无奈沮丧 懊恼)
③32段体现“我”怎样的请感?(伤感 遗憾——付出青春和毕生的精力,得到的仅仅是一座有高台阶的房子)
④齐读30—32段,体会父亲和“我”的内心。
这一环节是想利用三个片段,设计三个小活动,目的是通过活动来学习本文运用语言、动作、神态心理、细节等塑造人物的方法。重点是体会细节描写来把握父亲形象。
六、深入思考 把握文章主题
说说“台阶”的内涵
——希望所有像父亲一样的农民由贫穷走向富裕,由被漠视走向被尊重,由自卑走向自尊。
成长在农村的李森祥说:“乡土,永远是我创作的源泉,也是我情感的源泉。任何时候,任何地方,我都不会忘记我来自农村,我有责任把中国农民最本真的情感表达出来。”
此文并非表现父亲的作品,而是在表现一代农民形象,具有农民的老实厚道、要强、勤劳、朴实等品质外,这位父亲更是一个用劳动证明自己存在价值从而赢得别人尊重的人。这一点也正是他有别于普通农民之处。另外,全文以儿子的眼光关照父亲,除饱满对父亲的敬佩之情外,文字间也流露着辛酸,深沉地向着时代呼唤,亿万农民的希望在于先进的生产力。
所以设计这一环节是想通过对台阶内涵的理解,来达到探究主旨的目的。
七、布置作业
1、作业本:字词(全体)
2、课练:
a组同学:1—7
b组同学:13—17
3:c组同学:写作《我眼中的父亲》)
分层布置作业,让每一个层次的学生通过努力都能够完成,从而达到有效教学的目的。
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇二
��
����ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½æªð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±¾ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï·½ê½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨í¨ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡£±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½öµï¿½ó¶ï¿½ó®ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨å©ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½û¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½×µä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ý½ì²ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
������ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½:
����öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½
���������뷽����ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ú¿ì»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ì¬ï¿½è¼ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½à´´òµï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ú¿ì»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ ������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±
������ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªè«ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡£¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ£¬²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»å©ï¿½ñ£¬¶ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶èµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½êºï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����(ò»)���룺(��ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´þ¾ï¿½ï¿½æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµ¼ï¿½ï¿½
�������桢���ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����(��)���ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����1����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����2���ö´ê£ï¿½
����3����ê£ï¿½
�������ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ñ§ï°ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ù²ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ó²¿·ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����(��)���������� �ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ò»ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(��ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ë?��ê²ã´?��ã´ï¿½ï¿½?)
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ò²ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢é¸ñ¡ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3������îªê²ã´ö´ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
���������������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
���������ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������è»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
�������������ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ �ä¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��
���������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
�����塢�ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������������������æ·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ðºü¶à¶«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡£
����������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»î¶¯
����1��׼��ö®ê±(19-20��)
����2������ö®ê± (21��)
����3������ö®ï¿½ï¿½ (30-32��)
�����ò»ï¿½ï¿½
����׼��ö®ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½20�îµï¿½ò»ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½
�����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½20�îµï¿½1����ãµï¿½ò»ï¿½ë³æ¼ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½
����(����������ç¿ï¿½òµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ö®ï¿½é¡£)
�������ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½òµï¿½ï²ï¿½ãµï¿½?
����(�����𴲵�ê±ï¿½ï¿½ �í¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ )
���������
��������ö®ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��������
����(���ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ã»ï¿½ß£ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½í¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡±£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½î¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªæ¶ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������
��������ö®ï¿½ó¡ª¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½30����ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¶ï¿½?(òªç¿)
������31��32��ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?(���î¾ï¿½é¥ ����)
������32�����ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?(�ë¸ï¿½ �åºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à´ºï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×µä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
���������30��32�î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸¸ï¿½×ºí¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ ������������
����ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½
��������ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ä®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é��ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´èªï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ô´èªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºîµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î±¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä²ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½öµï¿½ó¶ï¿½ó®ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨å©ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½û¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½×µä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
�����ߡ�������òµ
����1����òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½(è«ï¿½ï¿½)
����2��������
����a��í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½1��7
����b��í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½13��17
����3��c��í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¸ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½)
�����ö²ã²¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇三
尊敬的各位评委、各位老师:
大家好!我是……,我今天说课的内容是人教版语文八年级下册第四单元的课文——《春酒》。
本单元以民间文化为主题,所选文章涉及的都是趣味盎然、生动丰富的民风民俗以及民间艺人轶事,文笔生动,妙趣横生。
《春酒》是一篇诗化的散文。作者用细腻的笔触描绘了故乡浓浓的风土人情,抒发了对童年、对故乡和对母亲的无限追思之情。
思乡是本文的一大旨。作者把记忆中的许多片段集于“思乡”这个焦点是:农历冷气年的种种风俗与禁忌:“我一马当先地作为母亲的代表家家户户喝春酒;乡亲之间相互“起会”置办春酒的融洽;“我在多年后按照母亲的方法如法炮制“八宝酒”这一切都围绕着家终年的味道展开。春酒、会酒、醉了童年、醉了乡亲、醉了母亲,也醉了无数读者。“我”的天真右爱、母亲的善良能干,乡人的淳朴厚道,在“春酒”“会酒”的酒席上不断氤氲丰收来,弥漫成浓浓的人情风俗之美。文末那句从心底里发出的感叹足以让所有的游子动心动容:“究竟不是地道的家乡味啊。可是叫我们却那儿去长真正的家醅呢?”琦君就是用这样一咱少将铅华的笔调,娓娓地诉说着自己对童年,对故乡的无限着恋。
1、阅读教学的核心是目标是:具朦胧 独立阅读的能力,流利情感体验,有较丰富的积累,形成良好的语感。
2、阅读教学的重点是培养学生的感受,理解、欣赏和评价的能力,逐步培养学生探究性阅读筇 创造性阅读的能力。
3、根据本单元选文的特点,作者教学需要从文章出发,以语言为教学立足点,旨导学生揣摩重要语句,注意语言的积累和感悟,加强朗读教学,使学生深入体会文中的思想感情。
1、通过本单元前三篇文章的学习,及学生的自身的学习生活经验,寻民风民俗有较为丰富的的感情认识。
2、在学过的课文中有一些表达思乡情感的诗句,学生有一定的积累。
3、学生学过的中国近代史,其中对海峡两岸50多年有分离有所了解,经上三点对三文的学习奠定了良好的基础。
基于以上对教材、学情的分析,和语文课标提出的基本理念,对阅读教学的要求,本课教学目标确定如下:
1、知识与能力
(1)速读课文,整体感知课文的内容。
(2)有感情地朗读课文,品文中的细节描写,深入俯文中的思想感情。
2、过程与方法
(1)朗读课文,品精彩语言,关注细节描写。
(2)拓展延伸,提升学生对“思乡”这一主题的理解。
3、情感态度、价值观
⑴理解作者通过叙述家乡的风土人情来表达浓浓的思乡之情;
⑵感受中国的民俗美和古朴淳厚的人情美。
重点:朗读课文,品文中细节描写,深入俯文中的思想感情。
难点:领悟文章的意蕴。它是本文的难点所在,由于学生的生活阅历所限,寻于本文所含的思念故乡,追思亲人的情感不易感受
多媒体辅助教学,创设情境,啬感情认识,帮助突破教学重难点。
一、导入新课:
(1)(多媒体播放音乐《望乡》。)(创设情境)
教师导入:一曲望乡,一段思恋。思乡是一个永远也说不完、道不尽的话题。因为人都有感情,生命都有根。漂泊在外几十年的游子们,乡愁永远是剪不断、理还乱的情愁。
(2)教师提问:在我们古诗中,表现作者强烈思乡情感的诗句有哪些?
学生回答并简要解说。
教师过渡,揭示课题:今天我们共同学习琦君的《春酒》,看看琦君在美国回忆起儿时春酒会有怎样的一番滋味(多媒体出示课题)
2、浅吟低唱,朗读《春酒 》
学生自由朗读课文,整体把握课文内容,引导学生理清文章脉络。
3、走近作者,领悟《春酒》
了解作者琦君,介绍作者生平,有助于学生了解作者的生活背景,进一步主题的理解。
4、深入文本,品读春酒:
课文中有许多细节写得很有情趣,找出来读一读,品一品。
细节是文章鲜活的花朵,文章中有许多细节写得非常有趣,表现了作者对童年、对母亲、对家乡浓浓的感情。阅读就必须细细品味,通过对细节的品析进一步体会文中的感情和主旨)
5、拓展延伸
(1)拓展阅读于佑任的《葬我于高山上兮》。
(2)多媒体出示画面:让学生了解海峡两岸近些年来的交流情况。
(3)、放朗读录音,朗读于佑任的《葬我于高山之上兮》及舒兰的《乡色酒》。
(4)琦君已经离我们远去了,可是像琦君一样思乡念祖的人却数不胜数.如今,他们可以回家了。
五、抒写感怀,告慰琦君
对故乡的眷恋就是一坛春酒,时间愈久,对故乡的思念则愈浓愈烈.如今的海狭两岸春暖花开,对许多海外飘泊的游子,故乡不再遥远。结合现实,请你对琦君写几句话,抚慰她的在天之灵。
(通过练笔,内化学生的情感体验,培养学生思维及语言表达能力)
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇四
�����𾴵ä¸ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½
������òºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ôªï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä±ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ë¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ë¼ö®ï¿½é¡£
����ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªä¸ï¿½×µä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡±ï¿½ã°ì´ºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä´ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¯ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä©ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµøµï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ç¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ç¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¸µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ð½ï·á¸»ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����2���ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �������ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�����ý±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªñ¡ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ä£¬×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä»ï¿½ï¿½ûºí¸ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬¼ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����1��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªç°ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é£¬ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½îªï¿½á¸»ï¿½äµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ê«ï¿½ä£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����3��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ôºï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½50�����ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ì¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ï¶ô½ì²ä¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó£¬±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1��öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1���ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
������2���ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����2�������뷽��
������1���ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½
������2����õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����3�����ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½
��������������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£»
�����æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����øµã£ºï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
�����ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ£ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬×·ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½×¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ã½ï¿½å¸¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î£ï¿½
������1������ã½ï¿½å²¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ò²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼¸ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
������2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ê«ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð²¢¼ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½í¬ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©
����2��ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡£
����3���߽����ߣ����ò¡¶´ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
�����ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î±³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����4�������ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½:
����������������ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤,�ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ò»æ·ï¿½ï¿½
����ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê»ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ã·ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨å¨ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¸æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½úµï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½
����5����õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����õ¹ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡·ï¿½ï¿½
������2����ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ºï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½âº£ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������3�������ê¶ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½é½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������4�������ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶è¥ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½ï¿½.���,���ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô»ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½
�����塢��ð´ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àº£ï¿½ï¿½æ®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²»ï¿½ï¿½ò£ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é¡£
������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇五
1.学习通过叙述故事、刻画人物反映社会现实、表达思想感情的写作方法。
2.学习通过写景、定物抒发感情的写作方法。
3.认识战乱给人民带来的严重灾难,体会自然风光、名胜佳处各具独特美景。
概述《石壕吏》这首叙事诗,叙述官吏夤夜捉人,老妇啼诉语言和她的被捉 ,表现出老妇一家的悲惨遭遇,反映了安史之乱给人民造成的严重灾难,体现了诗人对苦难人民的深刻同情
难点差吏夤夜捉人的凶残,老妇形象的凄苦,她家遭遇的悲惨,诗篇社会意义的深刻,诗人对苦难人民的同情。
录音机、投影仪
设计朗读法、引导法
1.由教学过的赞美古代巾帼英雄的《木兰诗》,引出将教学的反映战乱中人民苦难的《石壕吏》(板书诗题)。
2.结合注释①简介这首诗的创作背景和诗人情况。
这首诗创作于唐肃宗乾元年(759)。当时唐军60万在邺城被叛军打败,&127;唐王朝为了补充兵力,便在四处大肆抓人当兵,人民苦不堪言。杜甫在安史之乱爆发以后,曾被叛军俘虏,夹在难民当中奔走,和人民一起负荷着时代的痛苦,思想感情和人民贴得更紧。这一年,他从华州往洛阳探视,在返回华州途中亲见差吏将老人、少年、结婚才一天的青年,都统统抓去当兵,心情沉痛激愤,就创作出了《三吏》、《三别》。这组诗篇镜子般地反映了当时的战乱社会现实,《石壕吏》是《三吏》中的一篇。
3.要求学生参看注释,理解词义、句意、全诗大意。
4.指定学生一人朗读全诗。
要求读音准确,读出节奏。
5.引导学生分析这首诗。
(1)指定学生朗读第1段后,引导学生分析这一段。
①第1段第一句在诗篇中起着什么作用?
学生回答,教师明确:
“暮投石壕村”,由诗人投宿地点,点明故事发生的地点,表明诗人目击耳闻了故事的始末(板书:目击耳闻)。
②哪一句是关键句?具有什么样的表现力量?
学生回答,教师明确:
“有吏夜捉人”是诗篇的关键句。是“捉人”,而不是“征兵”、“招兵”,已经表明差吏强抓老百姓当兵;前面又加上一个“夜”字,更表明差吏时常抓人,以致白天难以抓到,就趁夜深人睡来搞突然袭击,凶狠残酷。这一句揭开了故事的序幕,故事也循此而展开(板书:凶残夜捉 揭开故事序幕)。
③三、四句表明了什么情况?
学生回答,教师明确:
“老翁逾墙走,老妇出门看”,表明差吏夜间抓人,连老翁也一样抓走,已经屡见不鲜;所以老翁夜间一闻捶门声音,就顾不得年迈体衰、腿脚不灵,赶紧爬墙逃走,而由老妇出门应付。这深刻地揭示出战祸连绵、差吏残酷抓人、人民睡卧不得安宁的情景,揭示了老妇一家悲惨遭遇的社会环境。
(2)指定学生朗读2、3段后,引导学生分析这两段。
①第2段两句诗的用词具有什么样的表现力量?体现了诗人什么样的感情?&127;在这两段中起着什么作用?
学生回答,教师明确:
“吏呼一何怒,妇啼一何苦”:一“怒”,一“苦”,形成了鲜明的对照;两个“一何”,加强了感情色彩:既表现出“吏呼”咆哮如雷,“妇啼”悲伤凄苦,又体现了诗人强烈憎恶差吏、深刻同情老妇的感情。这两句诗统领着第3&127;段老妇苦啼申诉的记叙(板书:苦啼申诉)。课本编者把这两句诗独立成段,也是意在强调吏之怒、妇啼之苦和统领后文的作用。
②第3段只是叙述了老妇的苦啼申诉。&127;差吏是在一直静听老妇的苦啼申诉而没有怒呼咆哮吗?这是一种什么写法?
学生回答,教师明确:
差吏决不是一直静听老妇的苦啼申诉而没有怒呼咆哮。这里是实写老妇的苦啼申诉,虚写差吏的怒呼咆哮,以实现虚,在老妇苦啼申诉的几层意思之 间暗含着差吏的怒呼咆哮。
③老妇的苦啼申诉包含几层意思?从中体现着什么样的进程?
学生回答,教师明确:
老妇的苦啼申诉包含三层意思,从中体现着老妇不断苦啼申诉,差吏不断怒呼咆哮的进程。
④第一层申诉具有什么样的表现力量?
学生回答,教师明确:
“三男邺城戍,一男附书至,二男新战死。存者且偷生,死者长已矣”,表明老妇的三个儿子都上了战场,两个儿子已经战死,她家已为那场战争作出巨大牺牲,论理论情都不应再到她家捉人了。“且偷生”,表明“存者”也生命毫无保障,更无生趣;“长已矣”,表露了对死去亲人的无限哀思。老妇沉痛地申诉这些,意在唤起差吏的恻隐之心,高抬贵手。但是差吏不为所动,继续怒呼,逼着要人,逼出老妇进一步的苦啼申诉。
⑤第二层申诉具有什么样的表现力量?
学生回答,教师明确:
“室中更无人,惟有乳下孙,有孙母未去,出入无完裙”,表明老妇家中只有个吃奶的小孙子一个孤儿,和因乳孙而未去的衣服破烂的一个寡媳,家庭情况倍极凄惨(板书:家庭凄惨)。老妇申诉这些,意在唤起差吏的怜悯之情,网开一面。但是凶狠差吏仍然不为所动,继续怒呼,逼着要人,甚至要捉走寡媳,逼得老妇说出下面的话。
⑥第三层申诉具有什么样的表现力量?
学生回答,教师明确:
“老妪力虽衰,请从吏夜归,急应河阳役,犹得备晨炊”,表现出老妇为了避免年迈丈夫、乳孙寡媳被捉,被逼得只能挺身而出,自请应役了(板书:被逼自请应役)。
(3)指定学生朗读第4段后,引导学生分析这一段。
①这一段前两句的遣词造句具有什么样的表现力量?
学生回答,教师明确:
“夜久语声绝,如闻泣幽咽”,从寡媳低微悲苦的哭泣声,暗示出老妇已被捉走(板书:老妇被捉)。“夜久”,反映出差吏不满足于捉走老妇,百般威逼,老妇再三啼请自己应役的漫长过程,“如闻”,表现出诗人一直在关切倾听幕惨剧的发展,彻夜未能入睡。
②后两句的遣词造句具有什么样的表现力量?
学生回答,教师明确:
“天明登前途,独与老翁别”,呼应开篇的“暮投”,一个“独”字,表明昨暮投宿,老翁老妇双双接待,今晨登程,只有老翁一个相送,老妇已被去承担那根本不应由她承担的徭役了。相送者、被送者的凄惨心情都无法表述。言简意深,凄情绵绵无尽(板书:惨别老翁 凄情绵绵无尽)。
(4)引导学生分析这首诗的写作特点,社会意义。
诗人怎亲以目击耳闻者的身份写出这首诗?产生着什么样的艺术效果?
学生回答,教师明确:
开篇句“暮投石壕村”,为以目击耳闻者身份叙述故事作好了铺垫;结尾段“夜久语声绝,如闻泣幽咽”,表明一直在关切倾听故事的发展:表明了诗人确是故事 的目击耳闻者。除中间主体部分用两个“一何”表达憎恶差吏、同情老妇的强烈感情以外,通篇都只是平实地叙述故事情节、人物语言,再没有什么议论抒情的诗句。通过故事情节、人物语言,展现出老妇一家的悲惨遭遇,塑造出老妇的凄苦形象,控诉了官府捉人的凶狠残酷,反映了黑暗渗淡的战乱现实,表现了对苦难人民的深刻同情(板书:反映战乱现实 同情苦难人民)。
6.指定学生一人朗读全诗。
要求缓急得当,读出沉痛凝重的感情。
布置作业
背诵这首诗,进一步品味平实叙述当中的深刻内涵。
板书设计
石壕吏
目击耳闻 凶残夜捉 揭开故事序幕
苦啼申诉 家庭凄惨 被逼自请应役
老妇被捉 惨别老翁 凄情绵绵无尽
反映战乱现实 同情苦难人民
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇六
����
����1.ñ§ï°í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ì»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·´ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.ñ§ï°í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3.��ê¶õ½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½ñ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����������ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹×½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½×½ �����ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ò»ï¿½òµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ë°ï¿½ê·ö®ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ë¶ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½
����
�����ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹×½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½×²ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ê«æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ê«ï¿½ë¶ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½é¡£
����
����â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½ï¿½
����
��������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1.�é½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¢ï¿½ûµä¡ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä·ï¿½ó³õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµä¡ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½
����2.���ע�í¢ù¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¬ôªï¿½ï¿½(759)����ê±ï¿½æ¾ï¿½60�������ç±ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½&127;������îªï¿½ë²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½å¸ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ê·ö®ï¿½ò±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ð¸ººï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½à£¬ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ú·ï¿½ï¿½ø»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½í³í³×¥è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡·¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ø·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ëµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½
����3.òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½×¢ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢è«ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����4.ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½è«ê«ï¿½ï¿½
����òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡£
����5.����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½
����(1)ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1�îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¡ï¿½
�����ùµï¿½1�îµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������äºí¶ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½þµøµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµøµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ê¼ä©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ä£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
����������ò¹×½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«æªï¿½ä¹ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¡£ï¿½ç¡ï¿½×½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿×¥ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½×¥ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»è»ï®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ºý²ð¿á¡£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ñ�ë¶ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½×²ï¿½ò¹×½ �ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������������ç½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½×¥ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ò»ï¿½ï¿½×¥ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ë²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½å²ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµø½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½×¥ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¯ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ã°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ò»ï¿½ò±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á»·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(2)ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½2��3�îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½
�����ùµï¿½2������ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¿&127;��������������ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
����������ò»ï¿½ï¿½å������ò»ï¿½î¿à¡±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½å����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½3&127;���ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ð£¨°ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶î£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®å������ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
�����úµï¿½3��ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½&127;��������ò»ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½å������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
��������������ò»ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½å��������������êµð´ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å����������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ö® �䰵���å²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å��������
�������ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
�����ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å�������ä½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
�����üµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������������������ò»ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ç³ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶¼ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ùµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ±ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ°ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å��������òªï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
�����ýµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
���������ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½î©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸î´è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½í¥ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ºý²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å��������òªï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òª×½ï¿½ß¹ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����þµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
��������������ë¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ìµã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½îªï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½í¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(3)ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4�îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¡ï¿½
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½î¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ±ï¿½×½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ò»ö±ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¯ï¿½ï¿½
�����úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������������ç°í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ð¡±£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ä¡ï¿½äºí¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºí¶ï¿½þ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ë«ë«ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ³¿µç³ì£ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ±ï¿½è¥ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶¼ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ò±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���������þ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(4)����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
����ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ð£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½
������æªï¿½ä¡°äºí¶ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡±ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ£»ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½î¡ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ö±ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬í¨æªï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½æ½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê«ï¿½ä¡£í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ò»ï¿½òµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ù¸ï¿½×½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½×ºý²ð¿á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ëºú°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½é£¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ó³õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµ í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£©¡ï¿½
����6.ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½è«ê«ï¿½ï¿½
����òªï¿½ó»º¼ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����������òµ
������������ê«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶æ½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������
����ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ײ�ò¹×½ �ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»
������������ ��í¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��������ó¦ï¿½ï¿½
�����ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×½ �ò±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���������þ¾ï¿½
������ó³õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµ í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇七
尊敬各位老师:
今天我说课的题目是《中国石拱桥》,我的说课分六个部分:教材分析、学情分析、教学目标、教学方法、教学步骤、板书设计,这六部分都依托我研究的课题《初中学生自主学习能力培养研究》的阶段研究成果进行说明,我研究的阶段成果是教学基本模式:“全面自读——方法指导——课堂检查——方法引导——自主合作——成果鼓励——师生反省”。
我对教材的把握:《中国石拱桥》选自鲁教版七年级语文下册第三单元,是我国著名桥梁专家茅以升先生写的介绍石拱桥知识的说明文。这篇文章介绍了中国石拱桥历史悠久,形式优美,结构坚固的特点,说明了我国桥梁事业的飞跃发展,字里行间洋溢着民族自豪感。文章的内容的感知可以在“全面自读”环节学生自主学习可以完成,目的是转变学生观念,树立“自主学习”的意识 。
在学习本文时,要注意课文怎样抓住特征来介绍事物的,要体会说明文准确周密的语言,理清说明顺序,了解常用的说明方法。为更好的培养学生的分析能力,在明确说明文常识的基础上,指导学生学习方法,也就是“方法指导”环节。
标:揣摩语言,把握说明文语言准确、严谨、周密的特点;了解本文说明顺序。理解选择有代表性的例子说明事物特征的写作方法。
3、情感目标
我对学生的分析:初二年龄段的学生思想发展逐渐成熟,思维活跃,具备自主学习、自主思考的能力,要他们说出抓住怎样的特征来介绍事物的不难,但是在前面没有系统地接触过说明文,要他们理清说明顺序和体会说明文语言的准确、周密有难度。
基于对教材的理解和对学生学习能力的把握,本着培养学生自主学习的理念,我从以下三个方面制定了本课教学目标:
1、知识目标:了解中国桥梁建设的伟大成就,把握石拱桥的特征。
2、能力目标:激发学生自豪感和对劳动人民的热爱之情。
新课程背景下的语文课倡导尊重学生的主体性,要注重培养学生的自主和思辨能力。根据这一思想,我采取以读促教的教学方法和自主学习方法,并借助多媒体辅助教学。
生学指导自主学习的课堂是先学后教,以学论教,教师的神圣使命是指导学生的学习和发展,教师必须高度关注学生,在学习的复杂过程中循循善诱,强调要把教师的“给予”有机地转化为学生自主的“习得”。依据这一理念,我把本节课设计为:巧设悬念入新课、自主加语明对象、自主对比理特征、自主梳理明方法、自主赏桥思原因五个环节。
(一)、巧设悬念入新课
导入要紧扣课文的主题,使学生在短时间里知道今天课堂要学什么,也就是给学生学习定下一个方向。
老师板书:今天我们共同走近一种特殊的路:桥 、 拱桥 、 石拱桥 、中国石拱桥。这一环节学生的感受是:名词前加的限定词语越多,说明对象就越具体化,体现了说明文语言的准确性。
为了准确科学的说明对象,作者在文中用了很多形象的词语像“弧形、暴涨”等,这个环节来检查预习情况。“课堂检查”环节增强自主学习的信心,使学生具备自主学习的心理基础。
(二)、自主加语明对象
高效课堂教学要求:学生要更好的体会文章内容,就必须是在整体感知课文的基础上来体会。这样在一定程度上也就遵循了先整体后局部的审美规律。这个环节主要是培养和锻炼学生的自主概括能力。
基于以上的考虑我设计了这样一个问题:给3分钟时间思考、准备。对题目加定语。尽量对所添加的内容能用课文里的句子作一点解释。
设计这个环节目的在于通过“方法引导”,使在学生的自主学习上,更要讲究学习方法和学习效率,这样才能让学生产生“成就感”并能逐渐激发起学生的“学习兴趣”。
我会提供给学生较充足的思考时间,我会深入学生之中,观察学生的思考状态,接受学生的询问,鼓励学生踊跃发言。在这一环节中,我预测:
学生可能添加的定语是:
古老的……
世界著名的……
美丽而坚固的……
造型奇特的……
巧妙绝伦的……
有优良传统的……
多姿多样的……
这样就可以在师生的共同努力下,能使学生掌握文本的内容,更加明确了说明对象的特点,从而也促进了学生的发展。
(三)、自主对比理特征
为更具体细致的感知中国石桥拱的特征,落实好知识目标。
我设计了这样一个“自主合作”环节:
课文中举了赵州桥、卢沟桥两个例子来说明中国石拱桥,能否理解为中国石拱桥只有这两种形式?
设计这个环节是因为学生的自主意识不是自发产生的,而是在教师的启导下逐渐形成的。 学生自主的参与教学过程,在教师值得下,动脑想、动口说、动手做,主动获取知识,发展智能。
要求:引用课文里的句子作根据回答问题。
明确:这样说是不能的。课文里说:“我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有。这些桥大小不一,形式多样,有许多惊人的杰作。”
为什么课文中单举赵州桥、卢沟桥这两个例子呢?
学生可能回答是:
因为这两座桥最著名。
因为这两座桥最有特点。
因为这两座桥最有代表性。
因为这两座桥集中了中国石拱桥的一些特征。
因为这两座桥体现了劳动人民的智慧和力量。……
教师顺着学生的思路,逐一引导他们弄明白他们的分析是否正确;重点引导学生研究这两座桥代表了中国石拱桥的哪些“特征”。独拱、联拱代表了中国石拱桥的两种类型,因此,必须都要介绍,才能说明得全面、准确。
在此基础上思考文章是按照怎样的顺序来说明的?由主到次,由一般到个别。
(四)、自主梳理明方法
为更清晰明了的感知中国石桥拱的特征,落实好能力目标。
我设计了这样一个 “成果鼓励”环节:
中国石拱桥的共性:历史悠久、形式优美、结构坚固。作者用什么说明方法说明赵州桥、卢构桥体现了这些特征?
设计这个环节是为强化学法指导课的重要性,能起到事半功倍的效果,本身的指导性、引导性能够为学生的自主学习打下基础,对自主学习的效果肯定和鼓励,对学生自主学习能力培养有促进作用。
学生可能回答是:
摹状貌:每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。这些石狮子,有的母子相抱,有的交头接耳,有的像倾听水声,千姿万状,惟妙惟肖。
列数字:赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽9.6米,中部略窄,宽9米。
做引用:唐朝的张鷟说,远望这座桥就像“初月出云,长虹饮涧”。……
在此基础上让学生举例说明语言的准确性、严谨性和周密性。
石拱桥石拱桥在世界桥梁史上出现得比较早。(“比较”一词,去掉行吗?)
我国的几乎到处都有。(“几乎”一词,去掉行吗?)
桥的主要设计者李春就是一位杰出的工匠,在桥头的碑文里刻着他的名字。(“主要”一词,去掉行吗?)
在当时可算是世界上最长的石拱。(“在当时”一词,去掉行吗?)……
(五)、自主赏桥思原因
为更好的落实情感目标,培养学生的民族自豪感。
我设计了这样一个“师生反省”环节:
采用多媒体播放中国比较有特色的桥,让学生牢牢记住其原因。
设计这个环节是为培养学生的自主意识,还在于鼓励学生自尊,自信,自立,自强,让学生挺起胸膛走路,满怀信心做学问。
以上的教学五个步骤紧扣课题《初中学生自主学习能力培养研究》阶段成果是教学基本模式:“全面自读——方法指导——课堂检查——方法引导——自主合作——成果鼓励——师生反省”。七个环节进行,其中可能会有偏颇之处,敬请各位老师批评指导。
本着实用,简洁美观的原则,我的板书设计如下:
《中国石拱桥》
茅以升
特征:历史悠久、形式优美、结构坚固
说明方法:举例子、列数字、作比较
说明语言:准确性、严谨性、周密性
(1) 巧设悬念入新课 约2分钟
(2)自主加语明对象 约10分钟
(3) 自主对比理特征 约15分钟
(4) 自主梳理明方法 约10分钟
(5) 自主赏桥思原因 约3分钟
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇八
�𾴸�î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½
����������ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ëµï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½â¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ä½×¶î³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½é¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ò¶ô½ì²äµä°ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¨ï¿½ï¿½ã©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½æ¾ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ä·ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ ��
������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â³£ï¿½ãµï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½
�����꣺��ä¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½øµã£»ï¿½ë½â±¾ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�����ä¿ï¿½ï¿½
�����ò¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë·¢õ¹ï¿½ð½¥³ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ïµí³ï¿½ø½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è¡ï¿½
�������ú¶ô½ì²äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ò´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1��öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2������ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ðºí¶ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ö®ï¿½é¡£
�����â¿î³ì±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ò²ï¿½è¡ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ù½ìµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½å¸¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½û½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¥ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½í·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶è¹ï¿½×¢ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ññ���õ£ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ñ½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡±ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï°ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ô��������ú¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½í¬ï¿½ß½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ���� �� ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½þ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½à£¬ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����îªï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡°»ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½é¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������������������������
������ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ���������ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ïµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½3����ê±ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½
��������������ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ð§ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾í¸ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½¥¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ò»ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¯ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ó»ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½:
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
�������ïµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ìµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������øµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������׵ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������í³ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½í¬å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ò²ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½
�����������������ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½âµä¸ï¿½öªï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½å¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
���������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½
���������ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½â¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½
������������������îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³éµä¡ï¿½ ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ê¦öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½
����òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý»ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
������è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½üµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½å´ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¾ªï¿½ëµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½â¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ø´ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ë³ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶¼òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½æ¡¢×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ãµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¸ï¿½öªï¿½ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½å¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
���������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ ���é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½
�����ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½æ¾ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½â¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������������îªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â°ë¹¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ø´ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
����ä¡×´ã²ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¨ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ê¯ê¨ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à±§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä½ï¿½í·ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½î©ï¿½ï¿½î©ð¤ï¿½ï¿½
���������ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å·ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½50.82�ף����ë¿ï¿½9.6�ף��ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ����9�ס�
���������ã£ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½|ëµï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡°³ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½öµã±è½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½
�����ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½
�����åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½
�����úµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³¤ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������壩����������ë¼ô��
����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
���������������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½
�������ã¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½å²¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ô��
����������������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
�������ïµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½â¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶î³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½é¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ«ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������êµï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ô���òµä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
�������ð¹ï¿½ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½
����ã©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ê·ï¿½æ¾ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½
����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1�� �����������â¿ï¿½ ô¼2����
������2���������������� ô¼10����
������3�� �����ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ô¼15����
������4�� �������������� ô¼10����
������5�� ��������ë¼ô�� ô¼3����
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇九
各位评委、同仁们:
下午好。今天我说课的题目是《感悟生命,品味生存》,把我对史铁生《我与地坛》这篇散文的教学设计理念及其教学设计给大家谈谈,稚嫩与不足之处恳请各位批评指正。
《高中语文课程标准》中明确指出:语文是人类文化的重要组成部分。语文课程的基本特点是工具性与人文性的统一。于漪老师也说:“没有人文,就没有语言这个工具;舍弃人文,就无法掌握语言这个工具。”高考话题作文的内容已经开始涉及到心理学、哲学的内容,这就必然要求我们教师培养的学生要有较高的语文素养,尤其要具有一定的思想内涵和文化修养。基于这样的教学理念,我设计让学生“感悟生命,品味生存”这一思想主题的同时,也落实把握文本“借景抒情,融情于景”的写作手法与语言的涵咏。
《我与地坛》是高中语文第一册第二单元中国现当代散文、外国散文中的一篇,是一篇自读课文。高中语文分别在第一册和第三册共安排了了三个单元的散文教学,其中第一册的散文教学要求要使学生在初中散文学习的基础上对散文的欣赏能力有所提高。这个单元的散文教学重点是在整体把握思想内容和艺术形式的基础上,品味散文的语言,赏析散文的表现手法。在二单元的前两篇散文中我已经教给了学生学习鉴赏散文的基本方法,针对《我与地坛》这篇自读课文,我将着重培养训练学生快速阅读文体的能力。抓住核心内容,了解文本特点。
《我与地坛》(节选)这篇散文第一部分写地坛,写自己在地坛对生命的思考和感悟;第二部分写母亲,写自己感受母爱后对生存有了更深层的领悟。这篇课文最突出的艺术形式是借景抒情。思想内容与艺术形式决定了这篇课文解读的核心内容是感悟生命,品味生存;学习并借鉴借景抒情的写作手法。
初中阶段学生已经接触到有关生命话题材的文章,如张晓风的《敬畏生命》、蒙田的《热爱生命》。现实生活中也了解一些像张海迪、海伦·凯特等勇敢挑战生命的人物,所以对于史铁生的人生经历叙述有一定的认知基础。结合高中学生对生命的意义与生存的价值开始进行深入思考这一现实,及其学生平时学习生活中的态度与表现,我想通过史铁生的人生经历让学生明白:苦难增加了生命的厚度,赋予生命凝重悲壮的色彩,人,就应当在这冰冷而又燃烧着的有限世界中带有伤痛地生活。痛苦,有时是证明我们活着的惟一方式。痛,并快乐地活着。……总之,给学生一点关于痛苦的哲学观点,给他们自以为痛苦的高中生活铺垫一点理论基础。
初中阶段,学生已经通过为数众多的散文学习,熟练地把握了“借景抒情,融情于景”的写作手法,在这篇课文的学习中,“借景抒情,融情于景”的写作手法本身也不会构成学习的难度。而关键在于“景为什么能成为情的依凭所在?”这个问题。学生在解读《我与地坛》时,可能会对地坛为什么能给予作者生命的启示这里形成阅读障碍,一方面是因为地坛包蕴的历史内涵与人文精神本身的丰富性;一方面是因为学生的人生体验与经历具有一定的局限性。由此造就了学习中的难点,教学过程要视情况给予一定的关注。让每一个学生都能通过课堂得到不同程度的感悟与启发。
教学课时与教学目标的设计
基于对教材与学生的分析,我安排了两课时完成这篇自读课文。并设计了如下教学目标:
1、说出作者对生命和生存的理解。
2、找出融情于景、借景抒情的句子若干,品味其中包蕴的情感。
3、学习此文后,能产生勇敢面对生活的信心,有亲近关心母亲的冲动。
教法与学法的设计:
教法:启,拔,导学法:自读感悟、交流讨论,练笔强化。
下面,我重点给大家谈一谈我在第一课时的教学策略及实施过程。
教学设想:完成教学目标1、3。分四个环节展开。重点放在第三个教学环节。
第一个教学环节:导语引悬念,激发出兴趣。学生在大目标的指引下展开与文本的第一次对话。(约11分钟)
教学步骤如下:
1、教师导语:“有一位青年在活到最狂妄的年龄上忽地残废了双腿,于是,退家静思,努力读书,苦练写作,终于从一个只有初中文化底子的工人成就了一名颇具哲学家气质的作家。你们想知道他是如何从痛苦中解脱,完成由工人到作家的蜕变过程吗?”(教师板书课题:我与地坛)(1分钟)
[设计意图]瑞士心理学家皮亚杰指出“……所有智力方面的工作都要依赖于兴趣。”兴趣对学生学习有促进作用。因此,我设计导语时尽可能引起学生的阅读文本的兴趣。
2、教师要求学生在5到8分钟内快速阅读全文,并且用几个词归纳出这篇散文的核心内容。(约10分钟)
[设计意图]《高中语文课程标准》要求学生能“根据不同的阅读目的,针对不同的阅读材料,灵活运用精读、略读、浏览、速读等阅读方法,提高阅读效率。”“发展独立阅读的能力。从整体上把握文本内容,理清思路,概括要点,理解文本所表达的思想、观点和感情。”因此,我限定阅读时间,并要求阅读后归纳概括。通过课堂上反复训练,提高学生的阅读能力。
第二个教学环节:在学生初步感知文本的基础上,出示具体学习目标后,引导学生展开与文本的第二次对话。(约7分钟)
教学步骤如下:
3、教师出示具体学习目标:(约1分钟)
(1)在文章的第一部分,作者对生命的理解是什么?
(2)在文章的第二部分,作者在母亲的人生经历中得到的生存启发是什么?
4、学生第二次深入文本阅读。(约6分钟)
[设计意图]美国心理学家布鲁纳倡导问题教学法,认为这种方法可激发学生的学习欲望,有利于学生迁移能力的形成,有利于学生创造性的培养。因此,我向学生出示了具体学习目标,引导学生独立地深入地探究文本。
第三个教学环节:在学生深入理解探索文本的基础上,展开生生对话、师生对话。(约20分钟)
教学步骤如下:
4、逐一落实具体学习目标。
(1)落实具体目标1,并给定学习方法:找,读、议。(约10分钟)
教师在第一个问题的基础上,深入引导学生谈一谈“你对生命的理解
与史铁生有无相同之处?你对生命的理解是什么?”
[设计意图]由于学生个人经历与人生体验不同,决定了各自对文本的解读,对生命的理解也不会相同。让学生充分发表看法,尊重每一个学生的个人体验,重在让每一个学生有所领悟与体会。贯彻素质教育课堂要面向全体的要求。
(2)落实具体目标2,并给定学习方法:说,议。(约10分钟)
教师设计了两个小问题,启发引导学生。其问题依次是:读了文章的
第二部分,你最大的感受是什么?你从母亲的人生经历中得到的生存启发是什么?重点放在第二个问题,根据学生发言情况,我适时补充三个素材引导学生感受、品味生存。第一个是“夸父追日”的故事,第二个是“西西弗的神话”,第三个是老子的名言“知其不可奈何而安之若命。”
[设计意图]让学生品味到生存的凝重悲壮,明白生命只有在负重的时候,才能展示出其不凡与可贵,以此消融平时学习与生活中感受到的挫折与痛苦。通过师生对话,展开心灵的交流,提升学生的精神与情感。同时也让学生感受到“树欲静而风不止,子欲养而亲不在”的悲哀,产生爱戴母亲的情愫。实现情感熏陶和思想教育的目的。
第四个教学环节:师生共同小结后,教师布置作业,扩展练习。(约2分钟)
教学步骤如下:
1、根据板书,用简洁明了的话概括本课学习内容及收获。
2、教师布置作业:中国人有句俗语“好死不如赖活着”,当代女作家池莉
有篇小说题名《冷也好热也好活着就好》,如今的社会有人喊生存日艰,有人说要提升生活的质量等等。请联系实际,写一篇不少于六百字的作文展现你对目前高中生生存状态的一点思考。
[设计意图]建构主义理论认为,学生通过社会实践活动积极地建构其知
识与技能。为了深化学生在课堂上获取的精神体验,我特设计如上作文题,提升学生的思想层次。
解读板书设计:
我与地坛
感悟生命品味生存
学习目标及学习方法:
(1)在文章的第一部分,作者对生命的理解是什么?(找,读、议。)
(2)在文章的第二部分,作者在母亲的人生经历中得到的生存启发是什么?(说,议。)
[设计意图]追求简洁,突出学习目标及学习方法。
教学设想:完成学习目标2。分四个教学环节。重点放在第三个教学环节。
第一个教学环节:教师复习导入,明确本课学习目标。(约3分钟)
教学步骤如下:
1、教师导语:“上节课,我们共同感受了生命,品味了生存。明白了真正的勇者,敢于面对社会的挑选,敢于正视竞争的激烈。怎么样?能够接受今天这节课的学习挑战吗?”
[设计意图]作为学习活动推动力的学习动机是学生掌握知识、技能和发展
智力的重要组成因素。提高学生的学习积极性应从培养和激发学生的学习动机着手。基于这样的考虑,我设计了如上的导语,激起学生挑战学习的兴趣。
2、教师布置学习任务:仔细阅读文本第一部分,用几个词语概括这一部
分的写作手法。
[设计意图]《高中语文课程标准》中明确要求学生在阅读鉴赏中,要了解散文这种文学体裁的基本特征及主要表现手法。因此,在阅读教学中,我努力落实这个要求。
第二个教学环节:学生深入文本,把握表现手法。(约8分钟)
教学步骤如下:
1、学生用5至6分钟再次阅读文本第一部分。
2、学生用几个词概括第一部分的表现手法。
[设计意图]孔子曰温故知新。既为建构新知作准备,又训练学生阅读文本与归纳概括文本特点能力。
第三个教学环节:以问题为链条,突破难点,落实语言训练。约25分钟)
教学步骤如下:
1、教师提出第一个问题:“作者在第一部分中抓住地坛的特点进行了大量的景物描写,请找出描写地坛特点的句子。”(这个问题难度系数不大,学生大多都能找出来。)
2、教师提出第二个问题:“如何理解地坛‘荒芜但并不衰败’?这个句子”要求学生结合地坛景物描写讨论品评“荒芜”“衰败”这两个词的内涵。
(1)学生通过课文43页“九坛”的简介,了解地坛的历史渊源。对地坛有一个大的感性认识。(最好的办法是借助多媒体展示地坛的历史变迁,帮助学生形象直观地了解地坛。)
(2)学生通过查字典明确:“荒芜,是指因无人管理而满野草。”“衰败,即衰落,由兴盛转向没落。”
(3)学生分别找出体现“地坛荒芜”与“地坛并不衰败”的句子,品味作者在其中包蕴的情感。此处不求让学生能深能透地理解史铁生的生命哲学,而重在启发学生有所悟、有所感。
(4)教师提供带个人色彩的感悟:时间可以消融人的痛苦与不幸,历史可以包蕴个人的荣辱得失,人在自然的永恒的和谐里找到生命的真谛。
(5)讨论写景句子里的语言创新。
[设计意图]突破难点,帮助学生领会地坛的历史内涵和人文精神。体现重点,落实了语言训练。
第四个教学环节:归纳小结,布置作业,扩展练习。
1、教师归纳小结本课学习要点:写景要抓住景物的特征来写,并且适当
运用借景抒情、融情于景的写作手法,注意语言的创新。
2、教师布置作业:谈一谈你母亲的人生追求和生存方式给予你的影响,
运用情景交融的写作手法写一篇有关“我与母亲”的六百字左右的抒情小文。
[设计意图]建构主义理论认为,学生通过社会实践活动积极地建构其知识
与技能。我设计如上作文题,既深化学生在课堂上获取的精神体验,达到思想教育的目的,又训练学生运用借景抒情的表现手法进行写作。
解读板书设计:
我与地坛
借景抒情融情于景
地坛:荒芜但并不衰败。
[设计意图]追求简洁,突出学习内容。
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十
��î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
��������ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªé¢ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������������ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ìµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½í³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ò²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½è»òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ð½ï¸ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµäºï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�����������ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö±ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§òªï¿½ï¿½òªê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½æ·î¶é¢ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½æªé¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£
�����������ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªé¢ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ò£»µú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ä¸ï¿½×£ï¿½ð´ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ç½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£»ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
�������ð½×¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½è°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ë½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åºï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ½ê±ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£í´ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½î©ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµø»ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ûµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªí´ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ð½×¶î£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ü³ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ôµï¿½ì³îªê²ã´ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·á¸»ï¿½ô£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ì¶èµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ú¶ô½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����1��ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����2���ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����3��ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µä³å¶¯ï¿½ï¿½
�����ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½
�����ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������棬���øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ò»ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½êµê©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����
����
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½1��3�����ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½î¶ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼11���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»îµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºï¿½ï¿½ø²ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë«ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ò¾ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ë³é¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1���ó£ï¿½
����[�����í¼]��ê¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ç½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ð´ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5��8�����ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½è«ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªé¢ï¿½äµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼10���ó£ï¿½
����[�����í¼]���������ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ð§ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ûµï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½äµú¶ï¿½ï¿½î¶ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼7���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����3����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ô¼1���ó£ï¿½
������1�������âµäµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
������2�������âµäµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����4��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼6���ó£ï¿½
����[�����í¼]��������ñ§ï¿½ò²ï¿½â³ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼20���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����4����ò»ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
������1����êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½1��������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼10���ó£ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½úµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ò»ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[�����í¼]����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²»í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£ï¿½á³¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½
������2����êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½2��������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼10���ó£ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¸¸×·ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ»°¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½öªï¿½ä²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºî¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[�����í¼]��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ê±ï¿½ò£¬²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ê±ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½à¡£í¨ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²»ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãº¡ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¬ï¿½õºï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
�������ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼2���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1�����ý°ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¼ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½
����2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������æªð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½å¾íºã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµòªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµè¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµêµï¿½ê£ï¿½ð´ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[�����í¼]��������������îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª
����ê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ü¡ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½è¡ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½
�������������æ£ï¿½
���������ì³
������������æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê¼°ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1�������âµäµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������2�������âµäµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½
����[�����í¼]׷���࣬í»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê¼°ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ï¿½2�����ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ä¿ï¿½ê¡£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼3���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ú¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ð£¿¡ï¿½
����[�����í¼]��îªñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºí·ï¿½õ¹
������������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµäµï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½
�����öµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[�����í¼]���������ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½òªï¿½ë½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼8���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5��6�����ù´ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����[�����í¼]����ô»ï¿½â¹ï¿½öªï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼25���ó£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½
����1����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½øµï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¶¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½43ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ô¨ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä°ì·¨ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¢×ªï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ä¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������3��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
������4����ê¦ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½êµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô°ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
������5������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½
����[�����í¼]í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½
����1����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½á±¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°òªï¿½ã£ºð´ï¿½ï¿½òª×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½
�������ã½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä´ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½
����2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ì¸ò»ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ì£¬
���������龰���úµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ð´ò»æªï¿½ð¹ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����[�����í¼]��������������îªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶
�����뼼�ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½è¡ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ïµ½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½è¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������������æ£ï¿½
���������ì³
�����辰���������ú¾ï¿½
������ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¥ï¿½ü¡ï¿½
����[�����í¼]׷���࣬í»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十一
尊敬的各位评委、各位同仁:大家好!我执教的是统编教材人教版八年级语文下册的《大雁归来》,这是一篇富有文学色彩的科学观察笔记。下面我将从教学目标,教学重难点,教法学法,教学过程四个方面对本课加以说明。
本课我确定的目标是:
1、默读课文,筛选主要信息,概括课文对大雁做了哪些描写,了解作者笔下大雁的个性特点。
2、品读课文,揣摩文中表达作者情感的句子,感受作品浓郁的抒情色彩。
3、理解课文最后一段话的含义,感受作者的爱鸟情怀,激发学生珍爱野生动物的感情。
确定以上目标基于三个方面的理解。1.基于对课标的要求,新课标明确指出:欣赏文学作品,应有自己的情感体验,初步领悟作品的内涵,从中获得对自然、社会、人生的有益启示。阅读说明文时要把握文章的基本观点,筛选主要信息,读懂文章阐述的事理。2.基于对教材的分析,《大雁归来》所在的单元都是阐释事理的说明文,编排本单元的目的是体现求真、严谨的科学精神,通过大雁归来,这些自然现象理解所蕴含的科学道理。3.基于对学情的理解,八年级学生已经已经具备了一定的学习能力,能够通过默读筛选信息来归纳文章的主要内容,能够通过品读具体的句子来谈自己的感受,能够通过合作探究的学习方法解决一些比较难的问题。这一学段在前面几篇课文中学生掌握了学习说明的方法,这为本课的学习奠定了基础。基于以上三点,我确定了以上三个教学目标。
本着“以教师为主导,以学生为主体”的教学原则,针对本课的教学目标和学生的实际情况,我采用创设情境法、精心设计课堂导入深入引导学生走进文本 。通过问题引导法让学生与文本展开对话,继而我采用点拨法,指导学生在阅读中形成自己的阅读体会,从而完成本课的教学目标。
古人说过“授人以鱼,只供一餐,授人以渔,可享一生” 。我设计让学生采用默读法来筛选主要信息。用品读法让学生领悟作者的抒情笔法,从而突破本节课的重难点。
本课我准备用六个教学环节来落实,在教学过程中力求遵循因材施教,循序渐进,层层深入的原则,努力变教为导。
第一环节激趣导入。在这一环节中,让学生谈谈自己喜欢的动物,喜欢的原因,以此引入大雁是老师喜欢的动物,从而引入课题。这样设计的目的是为了激发学生学习的兴趣,通过平等的对话,建立与学生平等的学习关系,拉近与学生之间的距离。
第二环节:默读课文,筛选主要信息。默读可以提高阅读的速度,学生在默读中,引导学生用以前学过的筛选信息的方法,来把握文意。本单元的单元目标要求筛选主要信息,此环节目的在于培养学生筛选信息的能力,读懂文章阐述的事理,为后面的品读环节奠定基础。
第三环节:品读课文,感受浓郁的抒情色彩。通过前面的默读 ,学生对课文的大意有所了解,本环节主要是让学生通过对抒情句子的品读,揣摩作者的情感,领悟浓郁的抒情色彩,从而感受作者对大雁的喜爱之情,以及对它们命运的关注,为学生学习本文的主旨奠定基础。
第四环节:合作探究,领悟主旨。学生齐读课文最后一段,合作、探究课文最后一句话的含义和作用。新课标指出要为学生创设有利于自主、合作、探究学习的环境,本环节重在培养学生的合作探究能力。通过对课文主旨的理解,让学生认识到应该保护动物,爱护环境,从而达到培养学生正确积极健康的人生态度,实现情感、态度、价值观的培养。
第五环节:课堂延伸:请你为保护动物拟一条宣传标语。语文课程标准致力于培养学生的语言文字运用能力,提升学生的综合素养。此环节通过写宣传标语,让学生在写的实践中体会、把握运用语文的能力。通过学生展示写的内容结束全课,以此让学生树立环保意识。
第六环节:布置课外作业 观察你所喜爱的一种小动物,也用生动形象的语言介绍一下它的习性,表达自己的感情。将语文学习由课内延伸到课外,学生在通过观察后,培养学生学习作者求真、严谨的科学精神,同时激发学生的探究兴趣,全面提高学生的语文素养。
说课完毕,请各位评委老师指导!
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十二
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ì²äµäµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ä·á¸»ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ö®ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¬ï¿½õ¡ï¿½
������ñ¡ï¿½ù·ç²¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ôªï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½æªð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ú¶ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ïµï¿½ð·ç²¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¡¢â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡¢â³ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½è¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ø·ï¿½ó³ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ô°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½7����9�꼶���ä¶ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý´ë±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµè»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¶è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½í³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¼°ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½
����������ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º
����öªê¶ä¿ï¿½ê£º 1������ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½.������ú£ï¿½ñ§ï°ð¡ëµï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2������æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����3��������æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ä¿ï¿½ê£º 1������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�����ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����3������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ì¬ï¿½è¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½í¶ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£º 1�����������ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����3��������æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµï¿½ ��������ë¹ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ´ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���� ì½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ó²¿·ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ïºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ð±è½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ô±ï¿½ï¿½î½ì²ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµè½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ì²äµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡±£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½»ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ñ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
�������ä·ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ô´ï¿½é²ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ùºí°ï¿½é²ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ùµï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡·ï¿½â±¾ï¿½é¡£
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â±¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê»ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ ���� ��⸠�é»ï¿½ ���ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �׵���� ����
����������ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ºã©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¿ï¿½ ì©è»ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������������äµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ïµ½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
������è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½î¶ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1���������ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ë��ï²ï¿½ï¿½ë��îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½***�����ðµú¼ï¿½ò³ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ê½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����2�����ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�����äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºü¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±¾ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ë��ï²ï¿½ï¿½ë��îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½***�����ðµú¼ï¿½ò³ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ê½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£»½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������������������â¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä°ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¬ï¿½ü³ï¿½í»ï¿½è¡ï¿½
���������������ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡£
������î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºü¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ü½á¡£
�����塢��òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ò»ï¿½ï¿½ð´ò»æª300�����òµï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½
����1���༶ �â£ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�������íµä°ï¿½é²ï¿½
����������æ£ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ¡ï¿½ù·ç²¨
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ù´ï¿½é²ï¿½ ��é²ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½
���������ö´ê»ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½1��ע�������� ��⸠�é»ï¿½ ���ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �׵���� ����
����2����䣺ã©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¿ï¿½ ì©è»ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½
����������� ���ë£ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ê¤îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àµ±ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½
������õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û»ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â°ï¿½é¡ï¿½
�����߳��������豻���ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¢ï¿½û±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ö°öµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¸òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¿µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½á¡£ï¿½â³¡ï¿½ç²¨ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£¬è´ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ê§ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£º
��������â³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.
�������������ô¸ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ (��) ������ ���ä£ï¿½
��������������� ���î¸ï¿½ ����í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½
������������-----��������ê¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-------�����é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½---------���â¸ò¼ï¿½ç¿
��������â³ï¿½ï¿½ê¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ó¦ï¿½ï£ºï¿½ú·üºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½
��������å®ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ð¡ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½
������������������
�����������é»ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十三
�����𾴵ä¸ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»í¬ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òºã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§é«ï¿½êµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½û²ï¿½ê¼ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ó½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ì·ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����������è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½
����1��ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß±ï¿½ï¿½â´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£
����2��æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
����3������������ò»ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°®ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£1.���ú¶ô¿î±ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµã£¬é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2.���ú¶ô½ì²äµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµäµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.���ú¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ß±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ò»ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½æ¼¸æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ì¶¨ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
����
�������å¡ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ê¦îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡±ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ô����ô±ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¿ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ ��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ãµã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
����
��������ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ö»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½í»ï¿½æ±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£
����
����������׼����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ���ê©ï¿½ì£ï¿½ñ�ò½¥½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ì¸ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô���ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½èµä¶ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½èµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¶è£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½äµï¿½ôªä¿ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½é¸ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµì¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ú£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ ��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½äµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ì¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ä»°ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½â¿î±ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½òªîªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è£ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������廷�ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ �û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十四
(一)说本课教材的地位和作用
本单元属于小说,都蕴含丰富的人文教育资源。教学中,要引导学生分析人物性格,评价人物形象,理解作品主题,激发学生情感,品味精彩语言,让学生用心去感受作品的丰富内涵,使之受到真善美的熏陶。
《选举风波》是语文版八年级第四单元的第三篇自读课文,节选自当代著名的儿童文学作家秦文君的长篇小说《男生贾里》。文章用细腻的心理描写和生动活泼幽默诙谐的语言,围绕着选举事件发生的一系列风波,刻画了贾里、鲁艳青、鲁智胜等个性鲜明的人物形象,真实地反映了当代中学生的校园生活,歌颂了中学生身上那种真诚率直的精神。
新《语文课程标准》在对7——9年级的阅读要求中提出:“欣赏文学作品,能读出体验,作出评价”。依据此标准,本课学习,应引导学生去感悟作品的主题,分析和评价人物形象,体会小说富有特色的语言;培养学生自主性探究性阅读和创造性阅读的能力,利用阅读期待、阅读批判等环节提升学生的阅读质量,指导学生读出自我,读出问题的梯度,落实语文教学的人文性与工具性的统一。因此,本课教学目标及重、难点设置如下。
(二)说教学目标:
知识目标: 1、概述小说的.故事情节,学习小说中分析和评价人物形象的方法。
2、引导品味精彩的语言风格。如极具中学生特征的口语和哲理性的语言。
3、理解作品的主题,并能从中引导学生正确认识生活的酸甜苦辣。
能力目标: 1、培养学生自主学习能力、合作探究的能力、表达能力。
2、从文本出发,引导学生学习评价人物的方法并能对人物做出自己的评价。
3、引导学生欣赏小说的语言,培养学生探究性阅读和创造性阅读的能力。
情感态度价值观目标:引导学生正确认识和对待挫折,培养学生积极健康的人生态度。
教学重点: 1、分析人物性格,评价人物形象。
2、品味本文幽默活泼的语言。
3、理解作品的主题,引导学生正确认识生活的酸甜苦辣。
教学难点 :体会主人公成长中遇到的困难挫折,引导学生正确认识生活。
教学方法:自主 合作 探究
本文与学生的生活比较贴近,人物真实形象、情节一波三折、语言活泼俏皮,学生比较喜欢。加上八年级的学生已有一年的初中学习经验,大部分同学对新课堂的要求是较熟悉和适应的,在课堂中已有了一定的自主、合作、探究的经验,课堂的主动性相对较好,懂得如何与别人合作学习,而且也具有一定的语文素养。所以本课中多注意调动和引导即可。但一部分不爱表现而且学习有比较被动的同学要多关注,多鼓励。
针对本课教材篇幅长的特点,教学全过程将运用预习、默读、概括、勾画、批注、讨论、归纳等教学方法对全文进行解读。
针对学生和教材的特点,本着课标中“能设身处地地体验和理解作品”,“突出学生的自主性”,“培养学生主动探究、团结合作、勇于创新精神”,“培养学生积极主动参与口语交际的能力”这些理论指导,教读本文,教师在调动学生思考、讨论、自主表达的基础上,调动学生的积极性,使学生的主体地位在课堂中得到充分体现,倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式,让学生习惯于这种学习方法,习惯于把个体学习、合作学习、探究学习相结合。同时,在课堂上,教师要注意启发和引导,灵活处理学生可能出现的问题。
本文分为两课时来上。
第一课时
一、导入
以村干部选举和班干部选举的实例导入。然后简介作者秦文君和《男生贾里》这本书。
(设计意图:让学生对这本书有一定的了解,知道它的内容和特点,激发他们课外阅读的兴趣。)
二、默读课文,用互助的形式解决字词障碍
(一)字词积累:发酵粉 招徕 贿赂 忌讳 不言而喻 首当其冲 巾帼
(二)遣词造句:茅塞顿开 泰然处之耿耿于怀
(设计意图:扎实基础,积累字词。)
三、理清课文的故事情节。
(设计意图:由于文章较长,这样便于学生把握全文的内容,理清文章的结构,又达到训练其概括能力和口头表达能力的目的。)
四、理清文章的脉络后,你认为作者的写作目的是什么?
明确:告诉读者:“真正的人生滋味就是多味的”。
1、欣赏文中的人物。你喜欢谁或不喜欢谁?为什么?用“我(不)喜欢***,文中第几页写到……可见其是一个……的人”的格式说明,并对人物作出自己的评价。
2、你有和文章中人物相同的人生体验吗?其与大家交流交流。
3、本文的语言很富有我们中学生的个性特点,请你试举一两例加以说明。
第二课时
一、复习上节课的内容,进入本课的学习。本文一共出现多少人?你喜欢谁或不喜欢谁?为什么?用“我(不)喜欢***,文中第几页写到……可见其是一个……的人”的格式说明,并用片段文字对人物作出自己的评价。
(设计意图:通过学生的勾画与批注,落实本课教学重点,引导学生运用多种阅读方法,去分析和评价人物形象;教学中运用对话、合作、探究的学习方式,读出人物身上的个性特征,并能用流畅的语言表达。)
二、贾里在这次事件中经历了怎样的起伏波折,前后有了哪些变化?在生活中,你有和他类似的感受吗?请和大家交流一下。延伸到借此引导学生如何选出自己心仪的班干,如何处理同学间的矛盾冲突等。
三、欣赏文中的语言。本文语言轻松活泼、幽默俏皮,极富生活气息,多用儿童化的口语写成,读起来清新、明快。
其次,文中还有些语言很富生活哲理,也试举一两例说明。
(设计意图:让学生学会如何去欣赏小说的语言。)
四、总结。
五、作业(二选一)写一篇300字左右的片段作文:
1、班级 事(新、幸、臭、好……)
2、我欣赏的班干部
板书设计:
第一课时:
选举风波
一、选举村干部 班干部选举
二、字词积累:1、注音:招徕 贿赂 忌讳 不言而喻 首当其冲 巾帼
2、造句:茅塞顿开 泰然处之耿耿于怀
三、情节 开端:选举学生会干部,鲁智胜为了让自己的堂姐鲁艳青当选,竟请班委们吃巧克力,结果,鲁艳青恰恰因此而落选。
发展:墙外的噪音使同学们无法安心上课,关键时刻鲁艳青挺身而出,呼吁尽快搬走售货铺,最终将此事办成。
高潮:林武翔被砸伤,贾里等人一下子由英雄变成了受人指责的“罪魁祸首”。
结尾:贾里得到爸爸的鼓励,勇敢地面对生活的困难。在大家的资助下,林武翔康复了,班上还开了庆祝会。这场风波使贾里重新认识了鲁艳青,却没机会弥补自己当初的过失。
四、主题:生活是多滋味的。
第二课时:
一、人物:
1、鲁艳青:责任感,很热心,宽容,有魄力,当代中学生中的优秀代表.
2、贾里性格发展过程
(一) (二) (三) (四)
单纯有正义感 责任感 关心同学明辨是非
意气用事-----→年轻气盛苦恼留恋-------→幼稚脆弱---------→勇敢坚强
3、鲁智胜:大大咧咧、好心肠。
4、陈应达:勤奋好学又有点自私。
5、女班委:爱逛街、喜欢潇洒的男篮队长。
二、小说的语言:
1、富有哲理。
2、轻松活泼、幽默俏皮,极富生活气息。
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十五
1、教材的地位和作用。
这篇文章是人教版语文教材八年级上册第二单元的一篇散文,这个单元的的几篇文章都在诉说对普通人,尤其是对弱者的关爱。《老王》是一篇关注社会底层小人物生活状态的文章,作者杨绛用平淡质朴的语言为我们介绍了老王的身世、作者和老王交往的几个片段,以及老王死后作者的愧怍之情,集中塑造了老王这一人物形象,同时让我们看到了老王和杨绛的精神品格。本文的人文内涵直指学生的精神层面,对于逐步形成学生积极地人生态度和正确的价值观,影响是直接和深刻的。这也正是语文课程标准总目标的第一条的体现。
下面是学生学情的分析,因为这篇文章人物关系简单,语言质朴平淡,故事情节直观,所以学生阅读后,就能很快把握课文内容,并对老王有一个初步印象,但是我觉得要真正的走进人物内心,把握作者的情感以及文章的主题,就不那么容易了。特别是文章的最后一句:那是一个幸运的人对不幸者的愧怍,这句闪耀着人性光芒的主旨句就更难理解了。对于八年级的学生而言,他们物质条件优越,思维活跃,生活阅历却很浅显,特别是对xxx那一段历史背景比较陌生,而且他们对于生活中像老王一样的不幸的人关注不够,甚至会忽略。所以我认为,八年级的学生更应该走进杨绛的精神世界,认识杨绛这样一个知识分子悲天悯人的情怀和反思自我的境界以及勇于担当的社会责任感,去仰视老王和杨绛崇高的人格魅力,让这篇文章的人性的光华照亮自己的内心。
2、基于以上的分析,根据新课改理念,结合本单元的训练重点以及学生的特点,我最终把本文教学目标定为(大屏幕)下面三点:
(1)积累掌握本文生字词,分析老王和作者这两个人物形象,学习本文围绕中心选材的特点。
(2)朗读课文,品析本文平淡质朴而饱含深情的语言。
(3)体会作者对不幸者的同情和关爱,体会关注身边普通人及弱势群体的生活状态。
3:教学重点、难点
理解“愧怍”的含义,体会作者的思想感情
为了突破重点、难点,我选择了文章的中心句来作为文章的突破口,切入点,并运用了朗读法,讨论法等方法进行教学,只要学生理解了“那是一个幸运的人对一个不幸者的愧怍”这句话的内涵,就明白了文章的中心,所以整节课都是围绕这句话层层深入,环环相扣的展开。
1、学生是学习的主人,一个合格的教师不会把学生当做驯服的力量来达到自己的教学目的,而是当做课堂的主体来看待,教学中我将鼓励运动探究性的学习方式,培养他们解决问题的能力。通过合作学习,让学生既向别人表述自己的观点,又能从别人那得到不同的信息,求同存异,共同完成一定的目标。
2、根据《语文课程标准》要求:语文课程资源包括课堂教学资源和课外学习资源,教师要高度重视课程资源的开发和利用,就不能单单把教材当做唯一的信息源。叶圣陶先生说过“教材无非是一个例子”,作为教师一定要跳出这个框子,站在新的高度去解读我们的教材,根据这个理念,我引导学生课前充分利用网络图书馆,课前搜集有关作者资料,了解作者写作背景,然后再结合作品进行探究性的阅读,这样学生就会得出自己的独到的体会和心得。
3、培养学生的课前预习习惯是语文教学很重要的一个环节,而且这样一篇较长的文章让学生一节课完成,就必须充分发挥学生的能动性,激发学生探究阅读的积极性,为此我指导学生进行课前自学,并且我安排了下面的预习作业。
(1)认真朗读课文2—3遍。
(2)、借助工具书自学文中生字词。
(3、)查找资料,了解杨绛的生平资料以及她的作品情况。
(4),写出自己的初读感受,画出自己不理解的地方。
(一)、1、教育是一种思想影响另一种思想的行为,做为教师只有动情,学生才会动容,我为此设计了这样的导入语:
同学们,我们喜欢关注伟人,因为他们有着非凡的成就;我们喜欢关注明星,因为他们有着耀眼的光环;我们也关注家人,因为血浓于水;而在生活中,你是否关注过身边那些默默无闻的普通人,他们虽然卑微,但是却有着一颗金子般善良的心。今天就让我们一起走进杨绛先生的一篇文章中,一起去关注一个在生活中被遗忘的边缘人物吧!
瑞士作家温克勒曾经这样说过:“开场白有两种作用:“一是建立说者与听者之间的共鸣,二是顾名思义,打开场面,引入正题。”导入语就是课堂教学的开场白,它起着联系师生情感,打开课堂教学,引入新课的重要作用,我这样的导入,让学生入情入境,既激发了学生的阅读兴趣,又引导学生积极思考,同时引导学生走进文本,很自然的过渡到第二个环节的学习上。
(二)导入新课后,我首先请学生简介自己课前查到的杨绛的有关资料,同时检查生字词的掌握情况,初步检查预习的情况。
(三)对于一篇感情厚重的散文来说,我觉得找到一个很好的切入点是很重要的,那么开篇我请学生默读课文后,提出问题:文中哪个词语写出了作者写作此文时对老王的感情?学生马上就能找到这个词语“愧怍”,由词语引出文中这句话:“那是一个幸运的人对不幸者的愧怍。”请学生读这句话,读后,请学生看这句话里的两个词语:幸运的人,不幸者,那么接着问学生,幸运的人是谁?不幸者又是谁?很显然,学生阅读全文后,很容易知道作者把自己看做幸运的人,不幸的人是老王。这是我引导学生整体感知课文,初步理解文中的人物形象。
(四)下面首先我从分析老王的形象入手,让学生自己走进文本,结合文中的情节进行分析概括,来了解老王这个不幸而又善良的人物形象。为此我设计了第一个问题是:1、为什么说老王是不幸的,他有什么性格特点?从哪些地方可以看出来?那么学生很容易就会明白,他是单干户、蹬三轮的、无依靠、有眼疾,居破屋,体现出他的不幸。而他半价送冰、免费送人、病中送物,一个送字又体现出他的善良,这个环节的设计除了让学生进一步感知人物形象,还培养学生提取和概括信息的能力。这个过程要让学生自己进行归纳概括,教师不能做垄断性的分析去替代学生的阅读实践。
八年级语文说课稿一等奖 八年级语文说课稿壶口瀑布篇十六
����
����1���ì²äµäµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
������æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì²ä°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ò»æªé¢ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½äµä¼ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ñ¡£±ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ö±ö¸ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä¼ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½òµ¥£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¾ï¿½ï¿½üºü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ó£¬µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ä£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ã¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½xxx��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½é»³ï¿½í·ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ð£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¹â»ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����2���������ïµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£º
������1���������õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£
������2���ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
������3��������߶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½í¹ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½
����3����ñ§ï¿½øµã¡¢ï¿½ñµï¿½
�������⡰�������äºï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����îªï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡¢ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½í»ï¿½æ¿ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö»òªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ä½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ûµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü´ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê¡£
����2�����ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ½ì²äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¨ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ô´ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ê¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ò»ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½õ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä¸ß¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµã¡ï¿½
����3������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ç°ô¤ï°ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½
������1�������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2��3�顣
������2����������������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ê¡ï¿½
������3�����������ï£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������4����ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ö»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å»á¶¯ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£º
����í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢î°ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å·ç·ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò«ï¿½ûµä¹â»·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñªå¨ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ä¬ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½î¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½×¢ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½
������ê¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ò¿ª³ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ª¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¡ï¿½
���������������â¿îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½éµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������������ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½é£¿ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë������������ë������è»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½è«ï¿½äºó£¬ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò´ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½1��îªê²ã´ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½òµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¾í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

一键复制