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北京外国语大学 2002 年语言学和应用语言学考研真题参考答案
考试科目：语言学和应用语言学
1. Cultural transmission: this refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be
learned anew by each speaker. They are not biologically transmitted from generation to
generation. Though the capacity for language in human beings has a genetic basis, the
particular language a human being learns is a cultural fact, not a genetic one. A human being
brought up in isolation simply does not acquire language, as is shown by the rare studies of
children brought up by animals without human contact.
Discreteness: a distinctive characteristic of language that refers to the fact that language are
organized in terms of two levels. At one level, language consists of sequences of segments or
units which do not themselves carry meaning (such as the letters “g” , “d” , “o”).However,
when these units are combined in certain sequences, they form larger units and carry
meaning (such as dog, god).
2. By definition, phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including the production of speech,
while phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and
sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Both phonetics and phonology are
concerned with speech. Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical
properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they convey meaning
in particular languages. Phonetics is the study of actual sounds, that is, the analysis and
modeling of the speech signal; phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of
speech sounds and tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns in different languages
or within a language. In this sense, phonetics is concrete, while phonology is abstract. What
phonetics studies is the speech sound, namely phone, what phonology studies is phoneme.
3. The prefix mis‐ means bad or badly, wrong or wrongly, and an opposite or the lack of
something. It can usually be added to verbs and adjectives, and several nouns which are
derived from the corresponding verbs, to form a new word that is contrast to the original
meaning. According to the examples give above, we can see if mis‐ is used to form new
adjectives, there are some following rules to observe:
1) The prefix mis‐ could not be added to nouns which have no corresponding verbs that can
be prefiexed by it; thus mismeal, mismilk, misword and misrule are not acceptable.
2) It should not be added to the root word with negative meanings, because the prefix mid‐
itself meand bad, wrong or opposite( thus miscrazy, and missed are not acceptable.)
3) The prefix mis‐ should not combine with mono‐morphemic root to create a new
adjective word, thus misplaced and mistrustful are acceptable but mishappy are not.
4. Paul Grice made an attempt to explain the course of natural conversation, in which implied
massages are frequently involved. His idea is that in making conversation, the participants
must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry
on the talk. This general principle is called the Cooperative principle. There are four maxims
under this general principle: the maxim of quantity (make your contribution as informative as
required; do not make your contribution more informative than is required); the maxim of
quality (do not say you believe to be false; do not say that for which you lack adequate
evidence); the maxim of manner (avoid obscurity of expression; avoid ambiguity; be brief; be
orderly). While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not always
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