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1 青岛大学 2015 年硕士研究生入学考试试题 科目代码: 622 科目名称: 基础英语(2)(共 12 页) 请考生写明题号,将答案全部答在答题纸上,答在试卷上无效 Part I. Cloze (20 points) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in shaping the way a person develops. 1 their view, child development is guided by both deliberate and 2 learning experiences in the home, peer groups, school, and community. Therefore, childhood growth is significantly 3 by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to 4 children in desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same 5 that explain how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the 6 skills of walking and running. One kind of learning occurs when a child’s actions are 7 by a reward or punishment. A reward, also called a reinforcer, increases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a young child may 8 draw pictures because she receives praise from her parents after 9 each one. A punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not 10 to touch the stove again. 11 kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person makes a 12 association between two events. For example, babies begin sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing 13 , children fear dogs whose barking has startled them in the past. A third kind of learning 14 of imitating the behavior of others. A boy may acquire his father’s 15 of
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