Passage five(Meditation in Indonesian Business)

　　It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes and began to meditate, consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies。

　　Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders, called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God, ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute magic power of foreknowledge to the Wali Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting。

　　Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. ‘If we want to employ someone at the managerial level, we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can’t hole onto money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired.’  Hadiziko hastened to add that his companies also hold modern personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. ‘With the mind relaxed and open, it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful. ’ Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures, he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Handspike’s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan – the ‘search for the inner self.’

　　One of his managers, Yusuf Soemado, who studied business administration at Harvard University, compared the idea of mystic management to western system of positive thinking. ‘Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics, Carnegie’s think and growth rates, or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation,’ he said。

　　1.       What is the most important factor in their doing business?

　　[A] Mysticism。

　　[B] Religion。

　　[C] Meditation。

　　[D] Investment。

　　2.       Whom do they consult?

　　[A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings。

　　[B] Wali Ullah。

　　[C] Old Kings。

　　[D] Carnegie。

　　3.       Why did Hadisike hasten to add ‘his companies also hold modern personnel management systems…’?

　　[A] He thought Mysticism was not so good as expected。

　　[B] To show they too focused on qualifications。

　　[C] To show they hired qualified persons。

　　[D] To show the possibility of combination of the scientific management with religion。

　　4.       According to the passage, the function of the meditation is

　　[A] to gain profit from the god。

　　[B] to gain peace of mind to make decision。

　　[C] to gain foreknowledge。

　　[D] to gain objective conclusion。

　　5.       What does ‘operating with normal business procedures’ refer to?

　　[A] Adopting the western way of doing business。

　　[B] Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting。

　　[C] Contact with God。

　　[D] Putting right persons in the right jobs。

　　Vocabulary

　　1.       file into             鱼贯而入，排队进去

　　2.       Jakarta             雅加达

　　3.       meditate           沉思，冥想，反省

　　4.       Java                 爪哇

　　5.       Javanese           爪哇的

　　6.       mysticism         神秘主义

　　7.       boost               促进，增加，提高

　　8.       devout              虔诚的，热诚的

　　9.       appeal (to) 向……呼吁，求助于，魅力

　　10.   legend              传说，神话

　　11.   fasting              禁食，斋戒

　　12.   hold onto          抓紧，保住

　　13.   personnel management system             人事管理制度

　　14.   perspective investment               远景投资

　　15.   venture             (商业)投机，风险

　　16.   sharpen    使……敏锐/尖锐，磨尖

　　17.   business slide  买卖/企业滑坡，下滑

　　18.   turn around        (生意)好转，转变

　　19.   subconscious       下意识的，潜意识的

　　20.   cybernetics        控制论

　　21.   Carnegie           卡耐基

　　22.   tap                   开拓，选择

　　难句译注

　　1.       Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception。

　　【参考译文】在印尼神秘主义似乎涉及到印尼生活的各个方面，商业也不例外。

　　2.       Those devout traders, called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God, ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java。

　　【参考译文】这些虔诚的商人，叫做Wali Ullah，或者“接近主的人”，把他们的祈求呼吁跟爪哇当地的神秘主义相结合。他们通过这一途径积极热情地拓展商业买卖和宗教信仰。

　　3.       Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability。

　　【参考译文】恰当的工作岗位使用合适的人选，对企业决策具有信心使形式好转的关键。它给你带来拓展和利润。(或任人唯贤，指挥若定使扭亏增盈，大展宏图的关键。)

　　4.       Search for the inner self。

　　【参考译文】探索内心的自我。

　　5.       Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics, Carnegie’s think and growth rates, or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation。

　　【参考译文】类似心理控制论、卡耐基思想、增长率、或者积极思考能力等观点是西方开拓高智能的办法，而我们是通过沉思冥想来和高智能联系的。

　　写作方法与文章大意

　　这是一篇新闻报导，讲述印度尼西亚商人如何经营公司。主要采用一般到具体写作手法。一开始就点明他们以独特的方式――不看文件，不听汇报，而是闭上眼睛沉思，向古代帝王的精灵请示来经营。这种神秘主义几乎涉及印尼生活的各个领域，商业也不例外。后面每段都围绕这一主题而写。第二段写来源。第三段，应用于商业方面的具体例子，第四段，和西方管理方法对比。

　　答案详解

　　1.       C 沉思。这在第一断已有说明。

　　A. 神秘主义。是个总的概念，笼罩生活各方面。而不是具体的做法和重要因素。 B. 宗教。 D. 投资。

　　2.       A 爪哇古代帝王之精灵。答案在第一段。

　　B. Wali Ullah是指印度穆斯林商人。这些虔诚的商人叫做Wali Ullah或者成为接近主的人。传说神话也把先知的力量归功于Wali Ullah。C. 老帝王。D. 卡耐基，1835-1919是生于苏格兰的美国钢铁工业家和慈善家。他有一套管理企业的办法，称为卡耐基思想(管理法)。

　　3.       B 他们也重视资历、才能。这在第三段中第二行起，商人 Hadisiko讲话清楚说明“如果我们要雇佣管理人员，我们就一起沉思，常常会有这种信息来临：这个人不能管理钱财或者他不可靠。也可能神灵告诉我们应当雇佣他。接着他匆忙补充说他的公司也采用现代人事管理系统，即要考虑雇佣的人员最根本的条件仍是正式资历”。

　　A. 他认为神秘主义不像想象中那么好。C. 表明他们雇佣人才。上下文说明，他所以补充是说明他们也重视资格。D. 表明科学管理和宗教结合的可能性。Hadisike语中没有这种意思。但不能说他们雇佣人才不管宗教。

　　4.       B 得到冷静头脑来决策。这在第三段后半部分讲到。“远景的投资也是通过神秘的沉思加以考虑。有着放松和开放的头脑，易于客观地判断新投资的风险。沉思和过去领袖的接触会是你的洞察力和感官变得敏锐。”第一段第五行“其中一位沉思者说每星期的沉思会主要目标是带来一个平静的头脑，作出好决策。”

　　A. 从上帝那里得到利润。 C. 取得先知。不对，先知的能力归于Wali Ullah。D. 得到客观的结论。文内只提到，头脑放松容易客观地判断投资风险与否，并不是客观的结论。

　　5.       B 没有沉思和斋戒的常规作生意。见第三段中，神秘的沉思帮助扭转公司生意滑坡而正常买卖步骤，这一年就损失了300万美元。这两句对比的话说明B项内容。

　　A. 采用西方买卖方式(交易方式)。文内没有点明正常就是西方方式。C. 和上帝接触。D. 知人善任。

　　Passage six(Dropouts for Ph. D. s)

　　Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless。

　　The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates。

　　Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’

　　“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions。”

　　1.       Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out。

　　2.       Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities。

　　3.       Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation。

　　Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent。

　　As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ‘s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields。

　　As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job。

　　1.       The author states that many educators feel that

　　[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus。

　　[B] the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study。

　　[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout。

　　[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members。

　　2.       Research has shown that

　　[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment。

　　[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies。

　　[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out。

　　[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree。

　　3.       Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D。

　　[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out。

　　[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate。

　　[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs。

　　[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities。

　　4.       After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that

　　[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree。

　　[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree。

　　[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts。

　　[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions。

　　5.       It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in

　　[A] salary for Ph. D. too low。

　　[B] academic requirement too high。

　　[C] salary for dropouts too high。

　　[D] 1000 positions。

　　Vocabulary

　　1.       dropout            辍学者，中途退学

　　2.       well-rounded             全面的

　　3.       attrition            缩/减员，磨损

　　4.       drain                枯竭

　　5.       bracket             一类人，(尤指按收入分类的)阶层

　　6.       lagging behind other fields 落后于其它领域

　　7.       glum                阴郁的

　　难句译注

　　1.       Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s。

　　【参考译文】教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学的高比率；这对迫切需要博士生的国家是一个人才方面的严重损失。

　　2.       It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless。

　　【结构分析】sent过去分词，修饰questionnaires。Who定语从句修饰students。

　　【参考译文】这份全面调查报告是以22000份调查表分送给以前在24所大学就读的博士生为基础的。这份全面调查报告似乎说明过去许多担心害怕是没有根据的。

　　3.       Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity。

　　【结构分析】被动句。To capacity满额，全力。

　　【参考译文】博士水平的人员的缩减被认为是宝贵的教授时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的枯竭。

　　4.       This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields。

　　【结构分析】the fact的同位语that从句中的where是定语从句，修饰academic fields。

　　【参考译文】这也可能表明这样一个事实：在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中，高工资仍然落后于其它领域。

　　写作方法与文章大意

　　这是一篇论及“博士生辍学”的文章。采用对比和因果手法。文章一开始就提出教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学达50%的问题。而调查报告证明，只有31%。辍学造成不良后果，有人建议中途退学者回炉再念博士学位学业。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。

　　答案详解

　　1.       A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话：“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”

　　B. 辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。  C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。 D. 高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。

　　2.       D。约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句：“辍学率为31%。大多数情况下，辍学人不能完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作”。

　　A. 辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78%，辍学者仅为50%。” B. 在博士学习中刺激因素较小。 C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。

　　3.       C. 博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示：“约75%的退学者说，他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因，而处于学术原因的退学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试”。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。

　　A. 它是退学最频繁的原因。 B.  它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。 D. 它在大学中的难度并没有不同。

　　4.       A. 读完这篇文章，人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件(包括返回校园之意见)：⑴缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。⑵大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。⑶大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25%的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平，有些还要保留他们目前的工作。”

　　B. 博士生退学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。 C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。 D. 博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。B.、C。两项文内没提。D。不对，参见难句译注4。

　　5.       A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A。的译注和难句译注4。

　　B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。 C. 辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。 D. 职位低。文内没有提。