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电子科技大学
2014 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：846 英语语言学基础知识及运用
注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。
I. Define the following terms with examples if necessary (30 points, 5 points each):
1. duality
2. metalanguage
3. minimal pairs
4. lexeme
5. connotation
6. immediate constituent analysis
II. Make a judgment and an evaluation of the following with your own reasons (20 points, 4 points
each):
1. Endocentric construction differs from exocentric construction in that the distribution of the former is
functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words serves
as a definable center or head.
2. “The contexts of an utterance determine its meaning…Since no two contexts are ever exactly the
same…, to insist dogmatically that we know what a word means in advance of its utterance is
nonsense.”
3. When analyzing the meanings of a polysemantic word, diachronically we try to find the central
meaning among all its meanings by frequency value, whereas synchronically the original meaning
will be detected.
4. Linguistic communications are usually presented to us in the form of written text or speech. While the
process of comprhension appears to be similar in both cases, some of the initial stages of processing
differ.
5. Since communication is a social activity, it could be said that speech is also social, not individual.
III. Briefly answer the following questions (45 points; 9 points each):
1. Please analyze Nida’s idea “words are sometimes culturally-specific” with examples.
2. In speech communications, we may conclude that generally the male style is report-speaking while the
female style is rapport-speaking. Please explain this with examples.
3. Halliday once stated that the subject, in its traditional sense, is a complex of four distinct functions,
three in the structure of the clause and one in the information structure. Would you please try to
explain these four functions of the subject in the following clause?
The lion caught the tourist.
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