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山东科技大学 2005 年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试
基础英语（含阅读与写作）试卷
（共 5 页）
Ⅰ.Explain the following terms and give each an example(20%)
1. analogy
2. oxymoron
3. metonymy
4. malapropism
5. innuendo
Ⅱ.Reading comprehension
This section 3 passages. Please read them and give a brief answer to each of the
questions given at the end of each passage.
Passage1
It looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four—wheel drive and
rises above rocky surfaces. It lowers and raises its nose when going up and down hills.
And when it comes to a river ,it turns amphibious: two hydro jets power it along by
blasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver, who sit
inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraft－type controls . A vehicle so daring on
land and water needs windscreen wipers—but doesn’t have any. Water molecules are
disintegrated on the screen’s
Surface by ultrasonic sensors.
This unusual vehicle is the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault,
a rather conservative French state －owned carmaker, better known for its family
hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers
created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renault is thinking about
startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for trains, boats and
aeroplanes.
The first of the new freedom is in design. Powerful computer－aid designed(CAD)
systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on
thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be
developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of
its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take
care of that.
But Renault is taking CAD further. It claims the Racoon is the world’s first vehicle to
be designed within the digitized world of virtual reality. Complex programs were used to
simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team leb
by Patric Le Quement, Renault’s industrial－design director, to “drive” it long before a
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prototype existed.
Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design.
In Detroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Telnac, the firm’s head of design,
would like designers in different parts of the work more closely together, linked by
computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineers to
peer inside the working parts of a vehicle. Designers will watch bearings move, oil flow,
gears mesh and hydraulics pump. As these techniques catch on, even stranger vehicles are
likely to come along.
Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become
easier, especially with advances in materials. Firms that once bashed everything out of
steel now find that new alloys or composite materials(which can be made from mixtures
of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, reinforced with fibers such as glad or carbon)are
changing the rules of manufacturing. At the same time, old materials keep getting better,
as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future. This competition is
increasing the pace of development of all materials.
One company in this field scaled composites. It was started in 1982 by Burt Rutan, an
aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft. His company develops and tests
prototypes that have ranged from business aircraft to air racers. It has also worked on
composite sails for the America’s Cup yacht race and on General Motors’Ultralite, a 100
－mile－per－gallon experimental family car built from carbon fiber.
Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional
steel and what Renault describes as new “high－limit elastic steel” in its chassis. This
steel is 30%lighter than the usual kind. The Racoon also has parts made from composites.
Resnault plans to replace the petrol engine with a small gas turbine, which could be made
from heat－resisting ceramics, and use it to run a generator that would provide power for
electric motors at each wheel.
With composites it is possible to build many different parts into a single component.
Fiat, Italy’s biggest carmaker has worked out that it could reduce the number of
components needed in one of its car bodies from 150 to 16 by using a composite shell
rather than one made of steel. Aircraft and cars may increasingly be assembled as if they
were plastic kits.
Again, in engine technology also make cars lighter. The Ultralite, which Scaled
composites helped to design for General Motors, uses a two－stroke engine in a “power
pod” at the rear of the vehicle. The engine has been developed from an East German design
and weighs 40% less than a conventional engine but produces as much power. It is
expected to run cleanly enough to qualify as an ultra－low emissions vehicle under
California’s tough new rules.
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