2009年：

　　1. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。

　　译文：可以说，衡量任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验的影响，但是这种影响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。

　　2. Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。

　　译文：只有逐步才能注意到一种制度的副作用，而要承认这种副作用是执行该制度的一种规定性因素则更加缓慢。

　　3. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults 。

　　译文：在和年轻人交往时，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成人打交道时却并不如此容易。

　　4. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。

　　译文：既然我们的主要任务是让年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住要考虑是否我们正在形成获得这种能力的力量。

　　5. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling。

　　译文：因此，我们要在从一直考虑的整个教育过程中辨认出一种比较正规的教育——直接教育或者学校教育。

　　2008年：

　　1. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations。

　　译文：他 达尔文 认为，正是这种困难起了弥补作用，使他长时间专注地思考每个句子，从而能在推理和亲自观察中发现自己的错误。

　　2. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics。

　　译文：他还认为，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点方面，自己的能力非常有限；因此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。

　　3. On the other hand , he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning。

　　译文：另一方面，一些批评家指责说，尽管他善于观察，但却不能推理，他对此既不接受且认为毫无根据。

　　4.He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully。”

　　译文：他谦虚地补充说，或许他“和普通人相比，更能注意到他们容易忽略的细节，更能对这些细节进行仔细观察”。

　　5. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character。

　　译文：达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，还可能损伤智力，甚至更可能败坏道德。

　　2007年：

　　1. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person。

　　译文：传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是每个受过教育的人所必备的一部分知识才能。

　　2. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news。

　　译文：另一方面，通过采取与新闻记者在报道和评论新闻时一样的联系方式，法律把这些观念同日常生活实际联系了起来。

　　3. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media。

　　译文：但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地了解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体既定习俗和特殊责任的认识基础之上的。

　　4. In fact , it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian constitution can do a competent job on political stories。

　　译文：事实上，那些没有清楚把握加拿大宪法基本特征的新闻记者是如何能够胜任政治新闻报道工作的，要想明白这一点是非常困难的。

　　5. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments。

　　译文：虽然律师提供的评论和反馈可能会丰富报道的内容，但是新闻记者凭借自己的重要观点做出自己的判断则更加难能可贵。

　　2006年：

　　1. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems。

　　译文：我认为，知识分子的定义是这样的：他选择使用苏格拉底式的方式来思考道德问题，将此作为自己人生的首要任务，并从中获得乐趣。

　　2. His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision。

　　译文：他的职责与法官相似，要尽可能清楚明白地展示自己作出决定的推理过程，这是他必须承担的责任。

　　3. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems 。

　　译文：我将普通科学家排除在外的原因是，尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但是他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面而已。

　　4. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business。

　　译文：但是，正如我们并不期望商人专注于探索商业行为的准则一样，普通科学家的首要任务也不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范。

　　5. They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment。

　　译文：知识分子可能很善于教书，而且不仅仅是为了挣钱。但是，对于涉及道德判断的人类问题，他们大多数人很少或者根本没有进行独立思考。

　　2005年：

　　1. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe。

　　译文：电视是引发和传播这些感受的方式之一——在连接不同民族和国家之间的关系方面，电视以前也许还从来没有像在欧洲最近发生的事件中那样，起过如此重大的作用。

　　2. In Europe , as elsewhere multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another 。

　　译文：像其他地方一样，欧洲的多媒体集团变得越来越成功，他们把相互之间关系密切的电视、广播、报纸、杂志、出版社组合在一起。

　　3. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989。

　　译文：仅这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存不是一件容易的事情；有统计数字进一步说明了这个事实，在1989年欧洲80个电视网中，有50%以上的出现了亏损。

　　4. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice。

　　译文：不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲特征”绝非易事，需要做出战略性的选择。

　　5. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale , it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。

　　译文：在应对如此规模挑战的过程中，可以毫不夸张地说：“联合，我们就胜利；分裂，我们就失败”。

　　2004年：

　　1. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought ， which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be。

　　译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。早在人们认识到语言可能是千差万别的之前，这种观点就在欧洲扎下了根。

　　2. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished， as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages。

　　译文：我们非常感激他们，因为随着讲这些语言的民族的消亡或者被同化，这些民族也就丧失了自己的本族语言，其中一些语言在此之后就不复存在了。

　　3. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data。

　　译文：新近被描述的语言与已被充分研究过的欧洲语言和东南亚语言明显不同，因此有些学者甚至指责博尔斯和萨皮尔的资料是编造出来的。

　　4. Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought ，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 。

　　译文：由于对语言与思维的关系非常感兴趣，沃夫形成了这样一个观点： 语言结构决定一个社会的习惯思维结构。

　　5. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society。

　　译文：沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，该观点极端地认为： 语言束缚思维，语言的语法结构能够对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

　　2003年：

　　1. Furthermore ，humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live， thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies。

　　译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使其他所有形式的生命服从与他们自己特有的想法和想象。

　　2. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena。

　　译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和客观的方式来研究人类及其行为。

　　3. The emphasis on data gathered firsthand ， combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ，makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science。

　　译文：强调收集第一手资料，并在分析过去和现在的文化时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特的、非常重要的社会科学。

　　4. Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”。

　　译文：泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他的能力和习惯”。

　　5. Thus，the anthropological concept of “culture” ，like the concept of “set” in mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding。

　　译文：因此，人类学中的“文化”的概念，就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使得大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

　　或者：因此，就像数学中“集”的概念一样，人类学中的“文化”的概念是一个抽象概念，它使得大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

　　2002年：

　　1. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on 。

　　译文：难题之一在于几乎所有的所谓行为科学仍然是从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去探究行为的根源。

　　2. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find 。

　　译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分地是因为对行为的解释好像经常可以直接观察到，部分地是因为一直难以找到其他的解释。

　　3. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago , and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied。

　　译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而对于环境在塑造和维持个体行为中的选择作用则刚刚才开始得到认识和研究。

　　4. They are the possessions of the autonomous selfgoverning man of traditional theory , and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements。

　　译文：自由和尊严是传统理论中自主人所拥有的东西，也是一个人在对自己的行为负责并因其成就而受到赞扬的实践中所必不可少的东西。

　　5. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems 。

　　译文：除非这些问题得到解决，否则行为科学将会继续受到排斥，随之，唯一有可能解决问题的方法也将受到排斥。

　　2001年

　　1. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots ， and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend。

　　译文：届时将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目，也会有装备着污染监控器的汽车，一旦汽车的排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。

　　2. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips ， computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools ， relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision， and digital age will have arrived。

　　译文：儿童将会与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将成为 人们的 工友而非工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，届时数字时代就到来了。

　　3. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place 。

　　译文：皮尔逊把世界各地数百位研究人员的成果汇集在一起，制成了一个具有独特技术的千年历，我们有望从中看到数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期。

　　4. But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of manmachine integration : “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century ”。

　　译文：但是皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅只是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长道路的第一步，到下个世纪末之前，将会最终研制出完全电子化的仿真人。

　　5. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage 。

　　译文：家用电器将会变得智能化，以至于对它们的控制和操作将会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂热症。

　　2000年：

　　1. Under modern conditions ，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts 。

　　译文：在现代条件下，这要求不同程度的中央控制，因此需要获得专业科学家的帮助，例如经济学家和运筹学领域的专家。

　　2. Furthermore ，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry ，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds 。

　　译文：此外，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业的生产效率直接相关，而工农业生产效率的提高又有赖于各类科学家和技术人员的努力。

　　3. Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications ，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas， while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above 。

　　译文：大众通讯的显著发展，使各地的人们感到有新的需求，也接触到一些新的习俗和观念，基于上述原因，政府常常得推出更进一步的革新。

　　4. In the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization —with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century ， whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so 。

　　译文：早期实现工业化的欧洲国家，其工业化的进程——以及随之而来的所有意义深远的社会结构变革——持续了大约一个世纪，然而，如今一个发展中国家10年左右就可能经历这样一个过程。

　　5. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 。

　　译文：人口的猛增，或者大量的人口流动 如今，现代交通手段使得这种流动相对容易起来 产生的问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

　　或者：如今，现代交通手段使得大量的人口流动变得相对容易起来；人人口猛增或者大量人口流动产生的问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

　　——节选自《考研英语——全程备考实用手册》