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对英国文学的印象篇一
at the age of , shakespeare married the 26-year-old anne hathaway. the consistory court of the diocese of worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 november 1582. two of hathaway's neighbours posted bonds the next day as surety that there were no impediments to the marriage.[15] the couple may have arranged the ceremony in some haste, since the worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times.[16] anne's pregnancy could have been the reason for any hurry. after the birth of the twins, there are few historical traces of shakespeare until he is mentioned as part of the london theatre scene in 1592. owing to this gap in the records, scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as shakespeare's "lost years".[20] biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. nicholas rowe, shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a stratford legend that shakespeare fled the town for london to escape prosecution for deer poaching.[21] another eighteenth-century story has shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in london.[22] john aubrey reported that shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster.[23] some twentieth-century scholars have suggested that shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by alexander hoghton of lancashire, a catholic landowner who named a certain "william shakeshafte" in his will.[24] no evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death.[25]
london and theatrical career
it is not known exactly when shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the london stage by 1592.[26] he was well enough known in london by then to be attacked in print by the playwright robert greene:
greene’s attack is the first recorded mention of shakespeare’s career in the theatre. biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before greene’s remarks.[32] from 1594, shakespeare's plays were performed only by the lord chamberlain's men, a company owned by a group of players, including shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in london.[33] shakespeare would have paid £50 for his share, or he may have agreed to provide plays to that value.[34] after the death of queen elizabeth in 1603, the lord chamberlain's men attracted the patronage of the new king, james i, and the company changed its name to the king's men.[35]
in 1599, a partnership of company members built their own theatre on the south bank of the thames, which they called the globe. in 1608, the partnership also took over the black friars indoor theatre. shakespeare's spending shows that the company had made him a wealthy man.[36] in 1597, he bought the second-largest house in stratford, new place, and in 1605, he invested in a share of the parish tithes in stratford.[37]
some of shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions from 1594. by 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages.[38] shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. the 1616 edition of ben jonson's works names him on the cast lists for every man in his humour (1598) and sejanus, his fall (1603).[39] the absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for jonson’s volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting career was slowing down.[40] the first folio of 1623 lists shakespeare as one of "the principal actors in all these plays", but we cannot know for certain what roles he played.[41] in 1610, john davies of hereford wrote that "good will" played "kingly" roles.[42] in 1709, rowe passed down a tradition that shakespeare played the ghost of hamlet's father.[43] later traditions hold that he also played adam in as you like it and the chorus in henry v,[44] though scholars doubt the sources of the information.[45]
shakespeare divided his time between london and stratford during his career. in 1596, the year before he bought new place as his family home in stratford, shakespeare was living in the parish of st. helen's, bishops gate, north of the river thames.[46] he moved across the river to southwark by 1599, the year his company constructed the globe theatre there.[47] by 1604, he had moved north of the river again, to an area north of st paul's cathedral with many fine houses. there he rented rooms from a french huguenot called christopher mount joy, a maker of ladies' wigs and other headgear.[48] in 1612, he was called as a witness in a court case concerning the marriage settlement of mount joy’s daughter, mary.[49] in march 1613, he bought the gatehouse of the black friars priory;[50] and from november 1614, he was in london for several weeks with his son-in-law, john hall.[51]
after 1606–7, shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613.[52] his last three plays were collaborations, probably with john fletcher,[53] who succeeded him as the house playwright for the king’s men.
对英国文学的印象篇二
born in paris on january 25, 1874. his father was a lawyer, at that time in the british embassy in france. xiaomao mu was under the age of 10, his parents died, he was sent back to britain by the uncle raising. maugham into the royal canterbury public school, due to short stature, and severe stuttering, often by the big kids bullying and torture, and sometimes also by the winter boring academic unprovoked humiliation. lonely desolate childhood life, in his tender soul cast a painful shadow, to develop his eccentric, sensitive, introverted personality. the experience of childhood has had a profound impact on his world outlook and literary creation.
in early 1892, he went to the university of heidelberg, germany for a , he came into contact with the philosophical ideas of german philosopher kuno fischer and the new drama trend represented by the same year to return to england, a london accounting firm for six weeks of trainees, and then into the london st. thomas medical school. a five-year medical career not only gave him the opportunity to learn about the living conditions of the people at the bottom, but he also learned to use a scalpel to look at life and society in a cold, sharp eye. his first novel, "lambeth's lissa," is based on what he saw during his internship.
from 1897 onwards, maugham abandoned medicine specializes in literary creation. in the next few years, he wrote several novels, but in maugham's own words, none of them could "fire the thames." he turned to drama creation, success, became a smash hit dramatist, london stage at the same time staged his four plays. his tenth play, "mrs. frederick" for a staged up to a year. this unprecedented grand occasion, it is said that only the famous playwright bernard shaw can match. but the bitterness of the past, the nightmare seems to stagnation in his heart, let him have a moment of peace, more and more strongly asked him to show, to decided to temporarily interrupt the drama creation, with two years of painstakingly writing brewing long novel "life's yoke."
during world war i, maugham first ambulance the wounded in the belgian fire, after the british intelligence work, to switzerland, russia and the far east and other places. this experience for his later writing spy novel "eshen deng" provides material. after the war he revisited the far east and the south pacific islands; in 1920 to china, wrote a volume of "china" recorded. in 1928 maugham settled in the mediterranean coast of the riviera, until 1940 when the nazi invasion, only to hurry to leave.
during the gap between the two wars, is maugham creative energy of the most productive period. in the twenties and early thirties, he wrote a series of high society to expose the intrigues, intrigue, moral corruption, satire, such as "cycle", "than our noble people" and "faithful wife" and so on. the three plays are considered to be the best of maugham's plays. in 1933 the final version of "xie pei" is his last script. maugham's dramatic work, the plot is tight and twists and turns, the conflict is fierce and reasonable; written characters, not much ink and prominent image; dialogue vivid natural, humorous playful, people feel fresh and powerful. but in general, the depth of content and characterization, and not on his long, short stories, although his novel works are not really profound. the important novels of this period include: "moon and sixpence", which reflect the restraints of modern western civilization and the artist's individuality and creation; "happiness" which depicts the ridiculous and vulgar phenomenon in the literary world; and the background of the british colonies , full of exotic short set of "leaves of tremor" and so on. short stories play an important role in maugham's creative activities. his short story style is close to maupassant, rigorous structure, since the transfer of natural, concise language, narrative sounds appealing. writers try to avoid commenting in the works, but through clever artistic treatment, let the characters in the plot to show the process of its inherent character.
during the second world war, maugham went to the united states, and spent six years in south carolina, new york, and wenade. in 1944 published the novel "blade". in this work, the writer tried to explore the life philosophy of a young man through the story, revealing the contradiction between spiritual and materialism. after the publication of the novel, the reaction was strong, especially by exposure to the war in the united kingdom, the us military active welcome.
in 1946, maugham returned to the french riviera. in 1948 wrote the last novel "catalina". since then, only to write memoirs and literary criticism, while their old work to sort out. maugham enjoyed a high reputation in his later years, the university of oxford and the university of toulouse, france, respectively, he was awarded the prestigious "honor knight" title. in january 25th the same year, the famous british garrick literature club specially hosted a banquet to celebrate his eightieth birthday; in the history of british literature by this courtesy, only dickens, thackeray, trollope three writers. in 1961, his alma mater, university of heidelberg, germany, awarded him the title of honorary manager.
in december 15, 1965, maugham died in the french riviera, at the age of 91 years. the ashes were buried in the royal canterbury public the death of the united states, the famous yale university established the archives to commemorate.
in my opinion, larry's behavior is no more than a truly devout religious believers more wisdom. larry is more like a symbol, is the writer maugham thought the microphone, maugham through which he fully exposed the normal human beings have to explore the ultimate meaning of life sense of inclination. it can be said that, without the more vivid and varied supporting characters in the book, we can not derive from larry the experience beyond the written teachings.
对英国文学的印象篇三
charles dickens, the great british realist in the 19th century, was one of the greatest achievements of marx's highly acclaimed "outstanding novelists in modern england." in scott's historical novels and early 19th century romantic literature, dickens created a new realm of critical realism.
dickens his life experience makes him compassionate heart compassionate insight into the community, his works flashing human tragedy of the family made him enter the society very early. he wrote his masterpiece in the context of the english society he was deeply touched by. "tale of two cities" to the french revolution as the background, by 1789 around the history of france and the mid-19th century british reality comparison, metaphor potential crisis in british reality. the works reflect the author 's humanitarian thoughts to a great extent, is a profound historical novel.
dickens's tale of two cities is different from other novels with strong realistic characteristics. the tale of two cities has a strong historical color. the author puts the background of the novel in the historical period before and after the french revolution, criticized the aristocracy of the french corruption, erosion of life, as well as trampling on the lives of others, revealing the inevitability of the outbreak of the revolution. dickens in 1854 brewing wrote this novel when he said: "i believe that dissatisfaction like this smoke is much worse than the fire up, which is particularly like the french before the first revolution, public psychology, which has for thousands of reasons, such as the poor harvest, the aristocratic class of arbitrariness and incompetence to already tense situation last time intensified, overseas war defeat, domestic accident, and so on - that has never seen a terrible fire. "
"tale of two cities" truly reflects the brutal persecution of the feudal nobility on peasants before the revolution. the novel describes the french aristocrats marguerite marquesses wantonly ravaged farm women and killed her brother, doctor menett witnessed this atrocity, wrote a letter to the court, unfortunately the letter fell into the hands of the marquis, dr. menettwas framed and imprisoned for 18 years in the bastille. the brotherhood of the marquis of ephryimoni killed the farmer's child and killed his author, with the eyes of doctor menett, witnessed the suffering of the people at the bottom, explained the revolution from the angle of class oppression and rebellion, not only showed sympathy to the laboring masses, but also sympathized with the revolution and affirmed the justice of revolution. .
as a historical novel, the author will be the crime and punishment, revenge and justice, mercy and fraternity and other factors complex entangled together. although he sympathized with the misfortune of the working people, affirmed the justice of the revolution, but also can be seen in the author of the french revolution in the masses and their tendency to show deep suspicion of violence. the core of the novel is a tendency to deny violence, advocating humanistic love. the novel opposes the brutal oppression of the people and the radical rebellion of the rebels are negative, and hope to humanitarian forgiveness and love to resolve conflicts.
so the author portrays calderon and darnay as two ideal humanitarian figures. darnay, the nephew of the marquis, who at one time abandoned the privilege of a nobleman to live in england and married the daughter of doctor menett, who, in order to rescue the housekeeper, risked his life to return to france and was arrested by the revolutionaries, death penalty. in order to rescue a friend, carlton mixed with an imposter in the prison, instead of and he looks very much like darnay on the guillotine. novels focus on rendering the noble qualities of the two, but also the heart of good, generous youth calden quality as a person to evaluate the highest standards, devoted to the author's social ideals and philosophy of self-sacrifice and self-sacrifice and revolutionaries "riot" and "kill" contrast, more to bring out their "heroic" behavior.
in the novel, there are many flashing author love, tolerance for the united states of thought. such as dr. menier's love and careful care of his daughter and others, he resurrected from the "death" of the spirit, and then resurrected the cause of saving lives; such as dr. menett after nine days and nights struggling, to accept the enemy of his descendants dana son-in-law; as calderon in order to fulfill the love of lucy would rather sacrifice themselves in the author of the design of the fierce class struggle, love and hate revenge environment for the background story, father and daughter, carleton, who became the incarnation of kindness and love, to save an innocent life and make every this contrast is cruel ruthless deserted the marquis, as well as the crazy mass avenger, they symbolize the death and the grave, to bring out the greatness of the benefactor, the author gives lucy a happy ending, showing that although personal destiny and historical events are closely linked, but love has surpassed all the great power, people see the author in exposing social dark side, attacking human evil at the same time, warmly promote love and tolerance.
dickens from the humanitarian standpoint, the life above all else, he criticized the violent tendency of the french revolution has the masses irrational tendencies. the representative of the masses, mrs. deforge, was a demeaning woman in the novel. she was strong, ruthless, hatred of the nobility, knitting the shrouds with gnashing teeth, and knotting every sin in human society. so the novel as the critic john krause said: "the revolution from time to time is described as a plague and madness. "
dickens' humorous and meticulous psychological analysis, and the combination of realistic description and romantic atmosphere, through the depiction of the life experiences of the bottom working people, dickens profoundly reflected the complex social reality of britain at that time, criticized the reality for britain the development of literature and made outstanding contributions. the glittering glory of his works and his tolerance of humanitarianism are a great spiritual wealth left to future generations.
