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凯恩斯需求理论的主要观点篇一
金融投资如同选美，在有众多美女参加的选美比赛中，如果猜中了谁能够得冠军，你就可以得到大奖。你应该怎么猜？凯恩斯告诉我们，别猜你认为最漂亮的美女能够拿冠军，而应该猜大家会选哪个美女做冠军。投资思路：凯恩斯的选美理论《对冲基金风云录》把最后一章留给了凯恩斯，“经济学家、对冲基金经理、魅力人物，这才是一个传奇！”今天，凯恩斯的宏观经济学说主导着全球经济政策，但我们不能忘记了一个事实是，这位伟大的经济学家还曾是他所处时代最活跃的投资人之一。凯恩斯在《就业、利息和货币通论》一书中，对投资的理解作了论述，最为有名的是“选美理论”。金融投资如同选美，在有众多美女参加的选美比赛中，如果猜中了谁能够得冠军，你就可以得到大奖。你应该怎么猜？凯恩斯告诉我们，别猜你认为最漂亮的美女能够拿冠军，而应该猜大家会选哪个美女做冠军。敬畏市场，尊重市场，让市场告诉我们答案。选美理论常被斥责为投机甚至博傻。但是它揭示了市场的本质特征。股票天生就带有期权和泡沫的性质，股票投资就是个博弈的游戏。无论何种门派，对凯恩斯选美理论的掌握都大有裨益。如果我们还原自己为一个新进入者，趋势派会选择当前最美的强势股。成长派会选择自己认为最美同时相信未来将被市场认可的，既然注定是昂贵，那么选择最美的。价值派喜欢便宜货，首先会看跌幅巨大的股票，但一方面要判断是否真便宜，另一方面，跌的多只是上涨的理由之一，还得有人跟进，同样是选美法则。经过长期的学以致用和投资实践，凯恩斯为他本人、母校剑桥大学国王学院积累了不少财富，也曾有三次几乎倾家荡产。投资过程历经辛酸，难怪他会留下振聋发聩的警句。“市场处于非理性状态比你财政状况稳健的时间还长”。“在长期，我们都将死去。”约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯（john maynard keynes)，1883年6月5日，生于英国剑桥，1902年进入剑桥大学学习数学，1905年毕业后师从a.马歇尔.a.c庇古学习经济学。1906年进英zf印度事务部任职。1909年人剑桥国王学院研究员，讲授经济学。1913-1914年人英国皇家印度货币与财政委员会委员，兼任皇家经济学会秘书。1929-1933年主持英国财政经济顾问委员会工作。1942年晋封为勋爵。1946年4月21日，因心脏病猝发去世。凯恩斯一生著述甚丰。著有《印度的通货和财政》、《货币改革论》、《货币论》、《1930的严重萧条》、《劝说集》、《获致繁荣的方法》、《一个自我调节的经济制度》、《就业、利息和货币通论》。凯恩斯的经济思想主要体现在《就业、利息和货币通论》一书中。它为zf干涉经济以摆脱经济萧条和防止经济过热提供了理论依据，创立了宏观经济学的基本框架。受凯恩斯理论的影响，二战结束后，英、美等主要资本主义国家，纷纷宣告以实现“充分就业”作为制定经济政策的目标，迅速摆脱了二战的影响，并经历了长达20多年的繁荣。凯恩斯被誉为资本主义的“救星”、“战后繁荣之父”。
三大心理规律凯恩斯在其经典著作《就业、利息和货币通论》中用了大量篇幅讨论人们的心理对有效需求的影响（亦即人们通常说的行为金融学）。在凯恩斯的逻辑里，资本主义发生危机的一个重要原因是有效需求不足，从而生产过剩，爆发危机。为什么出现有效需求不足呢？因为有三大心理规律影响人们的消费与投资：
1、边际消费倾向递减规律人们的收入增加可以刺激消费的增加，在收入增加的初期、中期，收入增加与消费增加成正比，即收入增加，消费增加，消费热情较高，但收入增加到一定程度，在中后期，收入增加的幅度大过消费增加的幅度，收入与消费不成正比，消费热情减少。
2、资本（投资）的边际效率递减规律与边际消费倾向递减规律相类似，投资初期、中期收益与投资比例成正比，投资收益较高，投资热情高涨，中后期，投资比例不与收益成正比，投资收益率下降，投资热情减少。
3、流动性偏好规律所谓流动性偏好，就是人们在心理上，对持有现金存在偏好。人们心理上偏好现金是因为三个动机：（1）交易动机。方便日常生活开支；（2）谨慎动机。预防意外，存留现金；（3）投机动机。为了寻求更大的收益，留现金，以备随时调用。按照凯恩斯的分析，这三大心理规律的存在，使宏观经济在完全自由的市场经济中无法得到平衡，其结果就会出现经济危机。要解决经济危机，就需要zf出面对经济运行进行干预，增加全社会的有效需求，抵消三大心理规律对宏观经济的负面影响。
两个短期投机理论，一个长期投资理论另外，凯恩斯在《就业、利息和货币通论》中，对人们的心理与投资的关系作了大量论述，归纳起来有两个短期投机理论，一个长期投资理论。
1、选美理论在股票投资操作中，凯恩斯将经济学放在了次要地位，而将主要精力集中于心理学和行为学。他认为股票市场的运动不是基于价值，而是基于群体心理。凯恩斯用餐家报纸选美比赛的比喻通俗地表明了股票投资中分析和把握群体心理的重要性。他把选股比做报纸上的选美比赛：“报纸上刊出一百帧相片，有读者从中选出几名大家认为最漂亮的美女；谁的选择结果若与其他参加竞猜者之平均爱好接近，谁就得奖；在这种情形下，每名竞猜者都不选他自己认为最漂亮的人，而选其他人认为最美丽的人。每个竞猜者都持此想法，于是都不选他们本身认为最美丽者，亦不选选一般人认为最美丽者，而是运用智力，推测参与竞猜者认为最漂亮者。”这样的选美结果是，选出了“大众情人”，选出了大多数参赛者都会喜欢的脸蛋。这种理论用于选股，就是研究大众的投资行为，从中获利。其精髓在于“他人愿支付乃一物之价值也”。马尔基尔（malkiel)把凯恩斯的这一看法归纳为博傻理论。比如说，我傻，用高价买入高出其真实价值的股票，但我预计，还有人比我更傻，他愿意用更高的价格买下我手中刚买入的股票，以此类推。
2、空中楼阁理论凯恩斯认为，股票价格是虚拟经济的表现，股票价格并不是由其内在价值决定的，而是有投资者心里决定的，故此理论被称为空中楼阁理论，以示其虚幻的一面。他认为，股票价格虽然在理论上取决于其未来的收益，但由于长期预期相当困难和不准确，故大众投资应把长期预测划分为一连串的短期预测。大众通过对一连串的短期预测，修改判断，变换投资，以获得短期内的相对安全，这些短期投资造成了股票价格的波动。空中楼阁理论完全抛弃股票的内在价值，强调心里构造出来的空中楼阁。凯恩斯认为，与其花精力估算并不可靠的“内在价值”，不如信心分析大众投资未来可能的投资行为，抢先在大众之前，买进或卖出。如果说“选美理论、空中楼阁理论”是短期投机的理论基础的话，那么，凯恩斯的“长期友好理论”则是长期投资的理论基础
3、长期友好理论凯恩斯认为，世界经济只会越来越繁荣，一路向前而不会倒退，人们生活水平总体趋势向上，物价指数亦会越来越高。按照凯恩斯的经济不断繁荣理论，经济形式总体向好的方向发展，股市趋势保持向上，股价指数总体趋势不断走高。因此，坚持“长期投资，长期持股，随便买，随时买，不要卖”原则，靠时间积累财富，从长线而言能稳定获利。========我是财富自由的分割线========最后的话：安利一下我的知识星球。最大的优势是，帮你节省选择学习材料的时间，这里的有国外的交易员培训课程和大量精选的书籍文章（包括曾经发过的800篇文章合集），这里还有平时所见所思所想的记录，这一切定会让你有所收获。在这个信息爆炸的年代帮你快速脱颖而出，省去上百小时甚至更多学习的时间，而这些，都是你应得的。方向比努力更重要。如果你喜欢这些推送的文章，说明咱们品味相同，那就更不该错过这个机会，赶紧扫码加入吧！别看了，没有打赏码，想打赏的点一下下面广告就好~?(＾?＾●)?
凯恩斯需求理论的主要观点篇二
共轨技术
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统edc主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。edc控制每个组件。
(1)压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3)燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4)液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5)控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：
① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如egr阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(edc)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，edc还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：
① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速can网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
the common rail calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance demands can only be met by a fuel-injection the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.a system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).the rail here acts as a pressure ple of the common rail the common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① the low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② the high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel electronic diesel control(edc), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and key components of the common-rail system are the are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the permits control of the injection process for each the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.in the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel electronic diesel control(edc)controls each of the components.(1)pressure re generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection.a continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection re in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection results in a much lower load on the pump high-pressure pump is a radial-piston commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)pressure control the pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point( the event of load changes).control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure r way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a -delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the has a positive impact on fuel the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)fuel injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)potential hydraulic ting the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 mpa;in future this will rise to 180 common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise le injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)control and engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of data collected includes:
① crankshaft speed and angle;② fuel-rail pressure;③ charge-air pressure:
④ intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ air-mass intake: ⑥ road speed, electronic control unit evaluates the input sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators( egr valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).the injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).the electronic diesel control(edc)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel
addition, edc offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running onal open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and examples are:
① control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② boost-pressure control;③ cruise control;
④ electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)control unit the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed can a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(-balancing control).other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand( detect sensor signals).
凯恩斯需求理论的主要观点篇三
医院中英文对照
发热门诊have fever主治医师doctor-in-charge 供应室supply room谢绝入内no entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内no entering when red light
彩超、心电图colorful cardiogram/ecg住院楼inpatient building 透析血磁endoscopedept.护士nueser康复理疗科rehabilitationphysiotherapydept.中药计价china medical price account肛肠科ano-proctology
皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊dermatology、ano-proctology、male urology clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科dermatology、ano-proctology、male urology dept 中医科traditional chinese medicine五官科ent dept.男性科、泌尿科 male urology dept.安全出口exit
预防保健科medical center for health preventionand care
后勤科、药库logistic room、seore入院登记in-patient admisson 高压氧治疗hyperbaric oxygehation therapy碎石中心eswl center 急救中心emergency center挂号收费registration
中心药房cenreral pharmacy内科门诊internal medicine clinic会议室meeting room手外科hand surgery 产科obstentrics dept.骨外科orthopedics dept.神经、ic surgey dept.麻醉科anaesthesiology手术室operation room 泌尿、urgery dept.妇科gynecology dept.内二科internal 2产房及爱婴中心delivery room内一科internal 1洗手间toilet
普外、胸外科surgey、thoracic surgey dept.皮肤科dermatology dept.中医骨伤科traditional mediaine or thopaedics餐厅dining room 配餐室pantry room后勤科logistics dept.电工室electrician room接待室dermatology room 内、儿科候诊 internal rics功能检查候诊function exam 中医科候诊tcm clinic放射科候诊radiology clinic 妇科门诊gynecology dept.产科候诊obstentrics clinic 肛肠科候诊ano-proctology妇科候诊gynecology clinic 产科门诊obstentrics 外科候诊surgery clinic输液中心transfusion center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 urology clinic检验候诊clinical laborotories 家属休息relation rest room口腔科门诊stomatology clinic 内儿科internal rics镜检科endoscope dept.外科surgrey dept.检验中心laboratory center 功能检查function exam dept.登记处registration 预防保健门诊hygine ＆ public health dept.收费处cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 cosmetology ope clinic
收费健康发证gharge lssue bill of health试敏观察室scratch espial room
凯恩斯需求理论的主要观点篇四
《美国口语惯用法例句集粹》ａ
a(page 1-4)
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7)i'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道这到底是怎么回事。how about a fish sandwich? 来一块鱼肉三明治怎么样？what about me? 我怎么样？i'm not about to go in that old house.我是不会进那幢旧房子的！yes i remember that about it? 是的，我记得那个晚上，那又怎样？what's this all about? 这到底是怎么回事？it's about time you showed up!差不多是你该露面的时候了。
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2)above all, i want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。tom thinks he's above hard work.汤姆认为自己没必要努力工作。
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6)would you please act out what happened? 你能把发生的事演示一下吗？watch sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜欢在课堂上捣蛋。that profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那个爱说粗言秽语的喜剧演员应该净化一下自己的言行。we need to get our act together and come to see you.我们需要统一意见后来见你。the newspapers called the earthquake an act of god.报纸上称那次地震为天灾。masa is a class act.玛莎是位杰出的女性。
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4)we're going to bring action against our debtors.我们打算控告我们的债务人。did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比赛中你看到有什么有趣的精彩场面吗？our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地区要采取行动反对那项垃圾处理场的提案。jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。
age
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2)our opponents have a height advantage on us.我们的对手在身高上比我们占有优势。nobody likes to be taken advantage of.没有人喜欢被捉弄（或：被欺骗、利用）
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4)i think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。it looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起来事情终会解决的。this soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.这软饮料有种让人难受的余味。i see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不觉
得这已是“事后诸葛亮”了吗？
1)i could go to japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不会感到
厌倦）
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2)would you please act your age!请你做事要有一个与自己年龄相称的样子。this is a “coming of age” movie.这是一部成人影片。
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9)i need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸点新鲜空气。i don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.虽然我不知道到底是出了什么差错，但我能隐隐约约感觉到。mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.当迈克喜欢的节目被取消时，他感到很伤心。the sale of our house is still up in the air.我们的房子出勤率售一事还没有最后定下来。after winning the championship, i felt i could walk on air.获得冠军后，我飘飘欲仙。your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是来个没有头脑的人。janet jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克逊的新歌到处都在不断地播放。that last time i took a plane, i got airsick.上次我乘飞机时晕机了。i hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我们之间的关系不要很别扭。
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13)it's looks like we won't be going after all.看起来最后我们还是不能去。we've all but finished the project.我们已几乎完成了那个项目。all in all i'd say it's been a very productive day.总的来说，我认为这一天过得很充实。let's go all-out and win this game!让我们尽全力来打赢这场比赛。we knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.当我们看见那座建筑突然起火时，我们知道一切全完了。we wish you all the best.我们大家祝福你一切如意。if it's all the same to you, i'd just as soon not go.如果这对你都是一回事的话，我就不想去了。they were running from the police like all get-out.他们以极快的速度逃脱警察的追赶。i didn't see them come in at all.我根本高没有发现他们的进来。let's settle this matter once and for all.让我们来把这个问题一次性地彻底解决掉。mark is an all-around athlete.马克是一个全能运动员。did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入选全明星队的比赛了吗？he bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的学校
100米跑的历史最高记录。
1)working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽车不是我拿手的活儿。
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2)i just wanna be left alone.我只是想一个人呆会儿。can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些闲事吗？
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2)you knew all along what was going on.你从一开始就知道所发生的事。debbie doesn't get along with steve.戴比和史蒂夫相处得不好。
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5) came here searching for the american dream.帕克先生来到这儿寻求他的“美国梦”。some foreigners become americanized while living in the u.s.一些外国人在美国居住时被美国化了。not having any job freedom would be totally unamerican.没有选择职业的自由是完全违背美国精神传统的。bill is an all-american quarterback.比尔是全美（橄榄球）明星赛的四分卫队员。i just can't go on the american way.我无法适应美国方式。
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2)water-skiing really brings out the animal in tom.滑水运动真正激发出了汤姆的活力与激情。the young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那个年轻演员在荧幕
上充分显示出他的性魅力。
1)i called emi but there was no answer.我给埃米打了电话，但是没人接。
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5)have you ever been to the big apple? 你去过纽约吗？do i sense an apple of discord between you two? 你问我有没有感觉出你们两人之间的不和，是吗？heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.丽塔喜欢把一切都弄得井井有条。dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一个马屁精。
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4)you don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不着你强迫我跟你走。my father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一个没救了的纸上谈兵的人。the suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯带有武器，十分危险。every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公园里到处都是
手挽手散步的恋人。
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2)coach johnson has been around for 30 years.约翰逊教练已有三十年的经验了。someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在这里昼夜值班。
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6)it looks as if someone has already been here.看起来在人来过这里了。as for me, i'm going home.至于我，我准备回家。marty is acting as if nothing happened.马蒂表现得像什么也没发生过一样。i want this room left as is.我希望这间房子保持原样。the changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.变动从明天开始实施。police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜寻绑架者的工作受
挫。
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4)our gas bill average about $50 a month.我们每个月的煤气费平均50美元。on the average, i'd say we eat chicken once a week.我们平均每周吃一次鸡肉。kent describes himself as just an average joe.肯特视自己为一名普通的美国人。on the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the u.s.在美国平常日
子里，有100,000个孩子带手枪去上学。
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5)what makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你认为你可以免受处罚？i wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他们能费除掉这些复杂的税务表格。we're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我们正在为庆祝我们的纪念日而安排一次周末的外出活动。tom wants to run away from home.汤姆想从家里出逃。dave and kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凯茜计划在假期里偷偷跑出
去。
凯恩斯需求理论的主要观点篇五
according to the situation of our current real economy and the virtual economy context，china takes on the excess liquidity indeed，excess liquidity in the real economy mainly
showed as a lot of liquidity in the banking，and this surplus is a kind of money stock surplus and this kind of surplus mainly showed as the distance between in the savings and the
expanding are becoming bigger than before．as for the excess liquidity in the virtual economy, it mainly reflected in china's financial markets，such as the rapid rise in house prices and the instability of the stock prices．
the problem of excess liquidity has been always a hot topic in economics fields，and many countries had made lots of research on this subject．on the background of global and china’s excess liquidity,the research on the excess liquidity sets off a new wave in worldwide economics．the study of this paper on the excess liquidity is based on the keynesians
monetary demand theory,because the phenomenon of excess liquidity is a kind of monetary phenomenon in some extent，from the perspective of external factors，the main factors affecting excess liquidity is the transmission of excess liquidity of the world and the foreign hot money speculation behavior increasing frequency．as for the internal factor,the
performance of the excess liquidity showed as the money supply is increasing，and household savings is tending to rise but effective demand of the currency is relatively insufficient．in addition，excess liquidity in china takes on the characteristics which the structure is not
balanced．sufficient liquidity could provide a strong driving force for economic development，however,if the excess liquidity occurs continually,it will generate an enormous potential
risks for economic development，such as the currency inflation，the distortion of economic structure and the imbalances of the regional economic development．therefore，how to control the liquidity within a reasonable range is necessary．we need to set out a series of related policies and measure，so as to ensure the sustainable development of our country's economic．
从我国当前的实体经济和虚拟经济实际情况来看，我国确实存在流动性过剩的情
况，实体经济中的流动性过剩主要表现在银行中大量流动性沉淀，且这种过剩是一种存 量上的过剩。主要表现在储蓄超过贷款的差额在不断扩大。至于虚拟经济中的流动性过 剩则主要表现在中国的资本市场上，2009年开始的这轮房地产热和股市牛市行情的快 速开启，发生于金融危机冲击下实体经济低迷和宽松经济政策下流动性过剩的大环境 中，资产价格的快速上扬体现经济泡沫边缘化的征兆已经显现。
流动性过剩问题一直是经济学领域的一个热点问题，而在全球流动性过剩以及我国 流动性过剩的双重流动性过剩的背景下，对流动性过剩现象的研究在全球范围内的经济 学领域又掀起了一股新的热潮。本文对流动性过剩的研究主要是从凯恩斯的货币需求理 论这一视角出发的，因为流动性过剩现象从某种程度上说其实是一种货币现象。从外部 因素来看，影响流动性过剩的丰要因素主要是全球各国货币政策的传导和国外投机性热 钱的大量融入造成我国外汇储备过高，即全球流动性的传导因素，从内部因素来看，我 国流动性过剩主要表现在货币供给不断增大，居民储蓄倾向升高，货币有效需求相对不 足。我国的流动性过剩还呈现出结构不均衡的特点。充裕的流动性可以为经济的发展提 供强有力的资金动力，但如果流动性过剩持续出现的话就会对经济的发展产生巨大的潜 在风险。如资产价格泡沫的膨胀，经济结构的扭曲、区域经济发展失衡等等。因此，如 何将流动性控制在一个合理的范围内需要制定一系列的相关政策和措施，这样才能保证 我国的经济健康可持续发展。
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