The Role of Government III. Grammar: 分割结构 语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象，称为分隔结构。英语分隔的类型是多种多样的。例如：英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联，它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是，在有些情况下，或是为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻，或是为了语义严密，结构紧凑，在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。 1．主语和谓语之间的分割： 1） The resistance experienced when one body moves over another，with which it is in contact，is called the frictional force． _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2) Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Tumer’s spell. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3) Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2．同位语或同位语从句与先行词分隔常常是为了照顾句子结构平衡或突出强调的需要。 1) An unusual present was given to him for his birthday，a book on ethics． _______________________________________________________________________________ 2) After Galileo’s work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth． _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3) Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3．动词与其宾语被分隔 1) Every particle has acting on it a force which urges it downward. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2) “It’s not so much what my husband says”, a tearful wife confides, “as the way he says it. Why does he have to yell at me?” _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4．某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔； Airliner captains, unable until now to negotiate a move to a different flight level where the winds might be more favorable, sensibly carry extra fuel on top of the reserves legally required. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods that scientist use in their work. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 总之，英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则(应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末，从而使结构平衡匀称，以避免主语部分太长，谓语部分太短)，和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息，即语义重点放在句子末尾)。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体部分的意义找出来。 Answers: 1) 当—个物体在和它相接触的另一个物体上移动时所受的阻力，叫做摩擦力。句中，The resistance和is called被分隔。 2) 从本世纪初到本世纪中叶，从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写 妇女，就会描述西部妇女，而且都被特纳迷。 3) 即使善于驱使别人去为自己打仗，并且告诉他们怎样打才最有效——这毕竟是征服者和将军们干过的事一一也不能称其为文明的行动。 4) 过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物——一本关于伦理道德的书。(present和a book被分隔) 5) 在伽利略著作之后，这样的认识加强了，即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律，这些规律不仅支配着地球上的而且也支配着天体上的物体的运动。(the feeling和that从句被分隔) 6) 美国人常认为：在他们国家，一个人的地位可以从社会底层上升到社会最上层，亚伯拉罕·林肯就是极好的例子。 7) 每一个粒子都有一个驱使它下降的力作用于它。 8) 一位含泪的妻子吐露到：“不是我丈夫说的话，而是他说话的方式（伤害了我）。他为什么一定要对我喊呢？” 9) 直到这时，机长才能提出请求改到风向较为有利的高度，因此除规定的数量外，他们都明智的多带燃油。 10) 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在研究工作种所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 (待续)