Part C

In Benjamin Franklin's civic pride and his projects for the improvement of Philadelphia, we see another aspect of the philosophy of doing good. At the same time we may recognize the zeal for reform that has long been a characteristic of American life. In his attention to the details of daily living, Franklin shows himself as the observant empiricist. 46. As the successful engineer of ways to make the city he loved cleaner, safer and more attractive he continually sponsored new institutions that were proof that the applications of reason to experience were fruitful in the real world.

47. "Human bliss," observed Franklin, "is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day." Franklin typifies that aspect of the American character that is attentive to small details as well as over-all great plans. 48. The practical idealism of America lies in our capacity to work for our ideals step by step, to recognize that the perfect world is never achieved but that we may approach it gradually by a creative attentiveness to each aspect of life around us.

In the American tradition Franklin stands as a man who preached thrift, frugality, industry and enterprise as the "way to wealth." 49. He grew to maturity in an American tradition that was older than he was, according to which such virtues as thrift and industry were not enough to bring a man success; he had also to practice charity and help his neighbor. Wealth was a token of esteem of the Divine Providence that governs men's affairs, and thus the accumulation of riches was not sought for its own sake alone. Furthermore, wealth and position, being marks of the divine favor, conferred an obligation; a successful man was a "steward," holding the world's goods in trust for the less fortunate.

50. Being an American meant for Franklin a passionate love of country and a devotion to a democratic point of view in which the rights and liberties of his fellow men were guaranteed and protected. As her foremost citizen in the eyes of the world, he was the champion of her cause in Britain for more than a decade before the Revolution and her representative in France during the years of conflict. America was fortunate in having a man of his stature and ability to serve her during those years; the skills he had acquired in mastery of life and the world's affairs were brought to bear on the issues of state in patriotic service. An old hand at presenting "causes" in the public press, he presented the case for America in British newspapers and magazines-under various pseudonyms, just as he had done at home in his Pennsylvania Gazette.

Part C

一、试题解析

46．Since ancient times, physicians have known that cerebral damage to the brain could affect

(0.5分)

language functions //, but a major breakthrough occurred in 1861 when Paul Broca, a young French

(1分)

surgeon, observed a patient // who suffered from paralysis of the right side of his body as well as the

(0.5分)

loss of speech.

【解析】 本题考点是多重复合句的翻译。本句是一个复杂复合句，基本结构是一个并列句，由but连接，并列句的前半部分包含宾语从句，后半部分包含状语从句以及定语从句。句子的主干为“…, physicians have known…”，句中的插入语a young French surgeon是Paul Broca的同位语，who引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的patient。句中“a major breakthrough occurred when sb. do sth. …”与汉语习惯表达差异较大，翻译时应该注意适当转译。本英语(Q吧)句子结构复杂，因此翻译成汉语时需要将意群拆开。

【词汇】词汇释义：句子中ancient指very old，绝非“远古”的意思； cerebral的意思是“大脑的”，后文的to the brain对其做出了解释；paralysis虽然既可以指“麻痹”，又可以指“瘫痪”，但是结合语境应该翻译为“瘫痪”；loss of speech是一个术语，失语症。

【译文】长期以来，内科医生们一直认为脑损伤会影响语言功能，但是，1861年，年轻的法国外科医生布洛卡通过对病人的观察研究取得了重大的突破，他所观察的病人右半身瘫痪并且患有失语症。

翻译实例：

例1： 很久以来，内科医师们已经得知对大脑的损伤会影响到语言功能。但是，年轻的法国外科医生布洛卡通过对病人进行观察，于1861年取得了重大的突破，病人右半身瘫痪，并且患有失语症。(2分)

例2： 很长时间以来，内科医生们已经知道损伤大脑会影响语言功能。但是1861年布洛卡作为一个年轻的法国外科医生，观察了右半身瘫痪并失去语言功能的病人，并在这个方面取得了重大的突破。(1.5分)

例3： 从很早以前开始，医生们就已经知道伤害大脑会影响语言功能。但是一个主要的突破发生于1861年，当时一个年轻的法国外科医生布洛卡观察了一个病人，这个病人饱受右半身瘫痪和失去语言功能之苦。(1分)

例4：从老早以前开始，医生们就已经知道故意的伤害大脑会影响语言起作用。但是1861年一个主要的突破发生了，当时一个年轻的法国医生观察了一个病人，这个病人饱受右半身平行和失去言辞之苦。(0.5分)

例5：从远古时代开始，物理学家就知道对大脑中央的损毁会影响到语言功能。但是1861年，却出现了专业水平的突破，当时一个法国人耐心的观察一只稚嫩的鸽子，发现它右半身平行，痛苦的说不出话来。(0分)