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    2009年考研英语完形填空真题解析
    
    Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.
    
    Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a 7 process—instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .
    
    Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.
    
    Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small瞫cale study in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.
    
    
    1. [A] Suppose[B] Consider[C] Observe[D] Imagine
    
    2. [A] tended[B] feared[C] happened[D] threatened
    
    3. [A] thinner[B] stabler[C] lighter[D] dimmer
    
    4. [A] tendency[B] advantage[C] inclination[D] priority
    
    5. [A] insists on[B] sums up[C] turns out[D] puts forward
    
    6. [A] off [B] behind[C] over[D] along
    
    7. [A] incredible[B] spontaneous[C]inevitable[D] gradual
    
    8. [A] fight[B] doubt[C] stop[D] think
    
    9. [A] invisible[B] limited[C] indefinite[D] different
    
    10. [A] upward[B] forward[C] afterward[D] backward
    
    11. [A] features[B] influences[C] results[D] costs
    
    12. [A] outside[B] on[C] by[D] across
    
    13. [A] deliver[B] carry[C] perform[D] apply
    
    14. [A] by chance[B] in contrast[C] as usual[D] for instance
    
    15. [A] if[B] unless[C] as[D] lest
    
    16. [A] moderate[B] overcome[C] determine[D] reach
    
    17. [A] at[B] for[C] after[D] with
    
    18. [A] Above all[B] After all[C] However[D] Otherwise
    
    19. [A] fundamental[B] comprehensive[C] equivalent[D] hostile
    
    20. [A] By accident[B] In time[C] So far[D] Better still
    
    文章背景
    
    本文是一篇讲述动物智能、偏重科技的文章。此文章最先刊登在2008年5月7日的《纽约时报》上,原文的标题是 The Cost of Smarts,翻译过来是“聪明的代价”。文中通过对“果蝇”的试验研究得出“聪明是要付出代价”的结论,最后提出引人深思的问题——人类是否真正意识到自己所生存的世界。
    
    文章结构
    
    本文采用了对比的方式展开文章,叙述了人类智慧发展的代价。第一二三段围绕人类对动物智能的研究对动物以及人类自己造成的影响。文章的最后一段作者展开丰富的联想,如果动物对人类做实验的话,它们想从人类身上获取什么信息呢? 

    答案详解
    
    1.【解析】[B] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择动词,放在祈使句句首。选项A. suppose认为,假定;B. consider考虑;C. observe 观察;D. imagine 想象。文章开篇指出:Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.“对动物智慧的研究总是让我对人类到底有多聪明感到好奇”,接着举了果蝇的例子,该句要选择的动词应与上句在语义上衔接。用consider意为“让读者考虑一下(果蝇实验)”,从而引出下文,其他选项均不符合题意。
    
    2.【解析】[A] 语义衔接/固定搭配题。本题目选择动词(过去式),与介词“to”构成动词短语,在句子中充当谓语。选项A. tended to易于,往往会……;B. feared to 害怕做某事;C. happened to 碰巧做某事;D. threatened to 威胁要做某事。Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit flyto live shorter lives. 原文讲述的是在实验中经常发生的一种情况,即“通过训练变得更聪明的果蝇,其寿命往往比普通果蝇短”。故选A。
    
    3.【解析】[D] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词比较级,在句中作定语修饰bulbs。This suggests thatbulbs burn longer, …“这让人想起……的灯泡照明时间比较长……。”上句讲到“聪明的果蝇寿命往往较短”,这句接着用灯泡作类比,承接上句语义,应该是越不亮的灯泡用的时间越长,所以选D. dimmer 较暗的;选项C. lighter更亮的,与前文意思相悖; A. thinner 更薄的,更瘦的;B. stable 更稳定的;该两项均不符合题意。
    
    4.【解析】[B] 词汇辨析/固定搭配题。本题目选择名词,并与in搭配。选项A. tendency 趋势,倾向,后面常接介词for或动词不定式,如:a tendency for sth.或a tendency to do sth.(做)某事的倾向;B. advantage 优势,后常接介词in,即an advantage in sth. 在某方面具有优势;C. inclination倾向,意愿,倾斜度,后常接介词for或动词不定式,即an inclination for sth.或an inclination to do sth.想做某事;D. priority 优先权,后常接over,如:take priority over sth./sb. (比某事/某人)具有优先权。且从上下文语义来看,前面说聪明的果蝇寿命短,越不亮的灯泡用的时间越长,所以这里语义应为“不太聪明(灯泡不太亮)是有优势的”,故B为正确选项。注意,bright在此处是一语双关,既可表示“灯泡不那么亮”,也可表示“人不那么聪明”。
    
    5.【解析】[C] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目要选择动词短语,使插入语完整。从上文可知,“聪明的果蝇寿命往往较短”,以及“不太聪明是有优势的”,由此推出的结果是:聪明也是要付出代价的。C. turn out意为“结果是……”,把it turns out用作插入语,使该句与上段内容紧紧联系起来,因此选C。A. insist on坚持;B. sum up总计,总结;D. put forward提出。这三项均不符合题意。
    
    6.【解析】[A] 语义衔接题。本题目选择介词,体现与the starting line(起跑线)的逻辑关系。选项B. behind和C. over可以首先排除,因为这里没有涉及空间位置关系;若选D. along则是“沿着起跑线徘徊”之意,这与后面的process意思不符;选项A. off 有“离开”之意,slow off the starting line表示“离开起跑线慢了”,即“起步慢了”,但仍在进步,与后文逻辑一致,故选A。
    
    7.【解析】[D] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词,做process的定语。破折号表示对前面内容即learning的解释。这里把learning(学习)与instinct(本能)作对比,结合前文的slow,以及学习自身的特点可知,只有gradual“渐进的” 符合题意。其他三项A. incredible 难以置信的;B. spontaneous 自发的;C. inevitable 不可避免的;均不符合题意,故本题答案为D。
    
    8. 【解析】[C] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to.“许多其他物种都能够学习,它们显然已经学会的一件事就是什么时候……学习。”由上文可知,聪明需要学习,很多物种都能够学习,但都没有变聪明,这是因为它们还学会了适时停止学习。因此选C。其他三项在语义上均不通。
    
    9. 【解析】[B] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词,作定语修饰intelligence。由上文可知,智慧越多,付出的代价越多,因此智慧肯定是有限的,而且根据value也可以推断这里是关于intelligence多少的问题。选项A.invisible 看不见的;C. indefinite 不确定的;D. different 不同的;均与数量多少无关,只有limited“有限的,不多的”符合题意,故选B。
    
    10. 【解析】[D] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择副词以表明逻辑关系。“we’ve left in the dust I.Q.瞱ise”是定语从句,修饰the species。cast a glance at…意为“对……投以目光”;“leave sb. in the dust”是固定搭配,“将某人远远抛在后面”的意思;I.Q.瞱ise是派生词,后缀瞱ise表示方式,意为“在I.Q.方面”。这句话是说“该研究不是要我们对那些在智力方面已被人类远远抛在后面的物种投以悲怜的眼光。”人类看这些被抛在后面的物种,自然是往后看了,所以D. backward为正确选项,A. upward向上;B. forward向前;C. afterward 之后,后来(表时间);该三项均不符合题意。
    
    11.【解析】[D] 语义衔接/词义辨析题。本题目选择名词,做宾语从句的主语。…it implicitly asks what the realof our own intelligence might be. “这项实验含蓄地提出一个问题:人类智慧的真正……可能是什么。”前文已经提到Intelligence…is a high瞤riced option,因此应选D.costs。选项A.features 特征;B.influences 影响;C.results 结果,均不符合题意。
    
    12.【解析】[B] 固定搭配题。本题目选择介词,与mind搭配。on one’s mind或on the mind of sb. 是固定短语,意为“有心事,总是想着”,其他三项均不能与mind构成固定搭配。
    
    13.【解析】[C] 固定搭配题。本题目选择动词,作为wonder引导的宾语从句的谓语。选择的动词应与experiments搭配。选项A. deliver 递送;D. apply 应用;两者均不能与experiments搭配。若用carry,则为carry out experiments,故只能选C. perform 执行,perform experiments意为“做实验”。
    
    14. 【解析】[D] 词汇辨析题。本题目选择介词短语在句中做插入语,表明逻辑关系。前文已经讲到作者很好奇,如果动物有机会的话,会对人类进行何种实验。本句接着说Every cat with an owner,, is running a small瞫cale study in operant conditioning.“每一只有主人的猫都在进行一项有关操作性条件反射的小规模研究。”这是以cat为例进一步论述动物对人进行实验,因此应选择表示举例的介词短语,故选D. for instance 例如。选项A. by chance 偶然;B. in contrast与……相比;C. as usual像往常一样;均不符合题意。
    
    15.【解析】[A] 逻辑衔接题。本题目选择连词,体现句子之间的逻辑关系。由ran,would可知,本句使用了虚拟语气,是对动物可能对人类进行实验进行了假设,故选A。选项B. unless 除非;C. as因为;D lest 唯恐,均不符合题意。
    
    16.【解析】[C] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择动词,与limits搭配,作为test的目的。选项A. moderate 缓和;B. overcome克服;D. reach 达到。既然作为测试的目的,应为确定某些内容,故选C. determine,这里是“查明,测定”的意思。
    
    17.【解析】[B] 语义衔接/词义辨析题。本题目选择介词,体现逻辑关系。该句承接上一句,继续论述假设动物对人类进行实验的内容。选项A. at表示方位; C. after表示时间;D. with表示伴随,均不符合语义,只有B. for表示目的,构成what…for符合语境,表明动物们想了解人类智慧是用来干什么的。
    
    18.【解析】[A] 逻辑衔接题。本题目选择逻辑关系词,体现前后句子之间的逻辑关系。前面两句解释了假设动物对人类进行实验会进行的的内容:它们想了解人类的某些极限,想知道人类智慧的用途。本句与前两句构成并列排比,they would hope to study aquestion“它们希望研究一个问题”,与前两句应为顺承关系,表示强调或递进,所以B. After all毕竟;C. However但是;D. Otherwise 否则;三者均不符合题意,只有Above all“首先,尤其是”符合题意。
    
    19.【解析】[A] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词,作定语修饰question。选项A. fundamental基本的;B. comprehensive 综合的;C. equivalent 相等的;D. hostile 敌对的。由下文可知,这个question是Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? “人类是否真正了解他们生活的这个世界?”这应该是个最基本的问题,故选A。
    
    20.【解析】[C] 逻辑衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择短语体现与前面句子的逻辑关系。前面句子提出一个问题,本句讲the results are inconclusive(……结果是不确定的)。因此, 选项C. so far“迄今为止”最符合题意,A. By accident偶然;B In time 及时;D. Better still更好;三者都不符合语义。
    
    
    参考译文
    
    对动物智力的研究总是让我们思考人类到底有多聪明。让我们看一下卡尔·齐默周二发表在科学时代刊物上的文章所描述的果蝇试验。有些果蝇经过训练变得比普通果蝇聪明,但是寿命却缩短了。这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长,暗淡是灯泡的一个优势。
    
    事实证明,智力是要付出昂贵的代价。它需要更多的保养、消耗更多的燃料,因为智力依靠的是学习,这是一个循序渐进的过程,而不是一种本能,所以离开起点时进展缓慢。许多其他的物种也有学习能力,很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。
    
    有限的智力是否有适应值呢?这也是此项研究的课题。我对此很感兴趣。这个试验不是去回顾那些被我们划为低智商的物种,而是含蓄在问我们自己,智力的真正代价是什么。我们所遇到的每种动物也都在思考着个问题。
    
    对动物智力的研究也让我想,如果动物有机会的话,他们会对人类作什么样的实验。比如说,每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究。我们认为如果动物也能进行试验的话,他们会测定我们的忍耐度,忠诚度,以及对地形的记忆力。他们会试图判定人类智力的实际用处,而不仅仅是判定人类智力的高低。最重要的是他们希望研究一个最基本的问题:人类是否真正意识到了自己所生存的世界?对此,目前仍无定论。

    2008年考研英语完形填空真题解析
    
    The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
    
    5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 is a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
    
    This group generally does well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.
    
    
    1. [A] selected[B]prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased
    
    2. [A] unique[B]particular[C] special[D] rare
    
    3. [A] of[B]with[C] in[D] against
    
    4. [A] subsequently[B]presently[C] previously[D] lately
    
    5. [A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence
    
    6. [A] thought[B]sight[C] cost[D] risk
    
    7. [A] advises[B]suggests[C] protests[D] objects
    
    8. [A] progress[B]fact[C] need[D] question
    
    9. [A] attaining[B]common[C] mean[D] calculating
    
    10. [A] normal[B]common[C] mean[D] total
    
    11. [A] unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably
    
    12. [A] missions[B]fortunes[C] interests[D] careers
    
    13. [A] affirm[B]witness[C] observe[D] approve
    
    14. [A] moreover[B]therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile
    
    15. [A] given up[B]got over[C] carried on[D] put down
    
    16. [A] assessing[B]supervising[C] administering[D] valuing
    
    17. [A] development[B]origin[C] consequence[D]instrument
    
    18. [A] linked[B]integrated[C] woven[D] combined
    
    19. [A] limited[B]subjected[C] converted[D] directed
    
    20. [A] paradoxical[B]incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuous
    
    
    文章背景
    
    这是一篇介绍个人学术观点的说明文,文章内容主要围绕一部分人是否比另外一部分人聪明这个主题展开。该文原文刊登在2005年6月2日的《经济学人》杂志上,原文的标题是The Evolution of Intelligence(智力的进化),命题专家对原文进行了一定的简化,但是意思没有发生丝毫的变化。
    
    文章结构
    
    文章采用了总分的叙述方式,文章第一段的前两句话就是文章叙述的主题,全片文章围绕这个主题展开。
    
    第一段:
    
    The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway.(总述)
    
    第二段:
    
    Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.(分述)
    
    第三段:
    
    This group generally does well in IQ test…
    
    They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases…
    
    His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.(结论) 

    答案详解
    
    1.【解析】[B] 语义衔接题。本题目选择动词过去分词形式,构成be…to 的结构,在句子中充当谓语。 选项A. selected 选择;B. prepared 准备;C. obliged迫使,责成;D. pleased 高兴。前边相邻句子The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. “一些人比另一些人聪明,这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设之一。” 本题所在句子由But一词引导,在句义上与前一句相反,即“打算或准备说了”,故选B。
    
    2.【解析】[D] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词,在句子中充当定语。选项A. unique 独一无二的;B. particular 特殊的,特别的;C. special 特殊的;D. rare 珍惜的,罕见的,珍贵的。rare birds意为“稀世珍品,旷世奇才,罕见人(物)”, Gregory Cochran打破常规,准备说了,因此像是“出头鸟”。
    
    3.【解析】[A] 惯用衔接题。independent其后应搭配of,意为“独立于,不依赖于”。还应注意dependent后面还可搭配on,但意为“依赖于, 依靠于”。He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independentlyany institution. “他就是那个稀有之人,是一位不依赖于任何机构的独立的科学家”。
    
    4.【解析】[C] 语义衔接题。本题目选择副词,在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到He helped popularize the idea that some diseases notthought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. “他普及了这种观点,即某些以前人们认为不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是传染病,这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。” 分析本句结构可以看出:that引导的是同位语从句,说明idea的内容,从句中some diseases not…thought to have a bacterial cause是主语部分, 谓语是were actually infections…,而后面which 引导的非限制定语从句是修饰the idea这个名词的。解本题的关键词是actually “实际上”,隐含转折之意,即过去的看法和实际情况不同。选项A. subsequently 随后;B. presently 当前;C. previously 先前;D. lately近来,最近。为了与本句子中的“actually,实际上”相互呼应,要体现时间上的先后交替关系。因此,正确答案为C。
    
    5.【解析】[C] 逻辑关系/ 语义衔接题。由本句中的however可知,“虽然如此, 一想到他即将要做的,他本人也会有点战战兢兢”,even符合逻辑关系, so和hence表示因果关系,与前文所述无内在的逻辑关系。
    
    6.【解析】[A] 语义衔接/固定搭配题。at和四个选项中的名词都可搭配, 但意思相去甚远。选项A. at the thought of 一想到……;B. at the sight of 一看到……;C. at the cost of 以……为代价;D. at the risk of 冒……的风险。根据句意,正确答案为A。
    
    7.【解析】[B] 词汇辨析题。本题目选择动词,在句子中充当谓语。选项A. advise 建议;B. suggest 提出;暗示,建议;C. protest 对……提出异议;D. object 反对。Gregory Cochran“不但……,而且解释了出现这种情况的过程”,从本题所在的句意可以看出,B正确。 另注意:suggest有两个基本意义,一为“建议”,其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气;二为“提出,暗示”,其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
    
    8.【解析】[D] 语义衔接/固定搭配题。本题目选择介词短语,在句子中充当定语,修饰前面的the group。选项A. in progress 在……的进程中;B. in fact 事实上;C. in need 在危难(急)中;D. in question 讨论中的; 考虑中的。前句提到人类某些人的平均智商要高一些,词句衔接上一句,由此可知空格处要表达的是“正在被讨论的这个群体”。选项D符合句意。
    
    9.【解析】[B] 词汇辨析/ 惯用搭配题。本题目选择动词,在句子中充当谓语。选项A. attaining 获得(经过长期努力); B. scoring 得分;C. reaching 达到;D. calculating 通过计算得出。句子中的宾语是分数,因此要选择得分。因此,正确答案为B。
    
    10.【解析】[C] 词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词,在句子中充当定语,修饰后面的名词。scoring 1215 points above thevalue of 100, “这个群体在智商测试中成绩最好,比100分的……分多得12分到15分。”选项A. normal 正常的;B. common 普通的;共同的;C. mean平均的;D. total 总共的。一般来说, average表示“平均的”较常用,mean表达这个意义时比较正式。 100分是个参照值,这个数字是大多数人的基本智商数值。因此,正确答案为C。
    
    11.【解析】[B] 语义衔接题。本题目选择副词,在句子中充当状语。This group generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 1215 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributedto the intellectual and cultural life of the West, “这个群体在智商测试中成绩很好,比100分的平均分多得12分到15分。这个群体为西方的学术和文化做出的贡献是……”, 选项B“不成比例地;不相称地,比例太大(或太小地)”,与题意相符合。选项A. unconsciously 无意识地;C. indefinitely 不确定地;D. unaccountably 不能说明的; 不可理解的。这三项都不符合题意。
    
    12.【解析】[D] 语义衔接题。本题目选择名词,在as 引导的非限制性定语从句中充当主语,意为“正如他们的精英——包括一些世界知名的科学家——从事的职业所证实的”。选项A. missions 使命, 任务;B. fortunes 财富, 运气;C. interests 利益;兴趣;D. careers 生涯,事业。因此,正确答案为D。
    
    13.【解析】[A] 语义衔接/词义辨析题。本题目选择动词,在非限制性定语从句中充当谓语。选项A. affirm 证实,确定;B. witness 目击,证明;C. observe 观察;遵守;D. approve 赞成,批准。选项B常用作及物动词;选项C和选项D一般以人作主语。因此,正确答案为A。
    
    14.【解析】[C] 逻辑衔接题。本题目选择逻辑关系词,体现前后两个句子的逻辑关系。They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,, have previously been thought unrelated. “此外,与多数人相比,他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病,例如乳腺癌。……人们以前认为这些情况是没有关联的。”选项A. moreover 此外,而且;B. therefore 因此;C. however 然而,但是;D. meanwhile 同时。前后两个句子表现出转折关系。因此,正确答案为C。
    
    15.【解析】[D] 词汇辨析/语义衔接题。本题目选择动词短语,在句子中充当谓语。选项A. be given up to 让与……;B. get over 克服(不与to 连用);C. carry on 继续(不与to 连用);D. be put down to 归因于。选项D. be put down to 归因于,句意为“智商归因于社会影响”,符合句子含义。因此,正确答案为D。
    
    16.【解析】[D] 词汇辨析题。本题目选择动名词形式。选项A. assessing 评估,评价;B. supervising 监督;C. administering 管理,掌管;D. valuing 重视。assessing通常表示“估计”出某物的价值,以更有效地利用它。 此句要表达的意思是“高度重视教育”,因此选D项。
    
    17.【解析】[C] 语义衔接题。本题目选择名词,构成as…of的结构。The latter was seen as a of genetic isolation. “后者被视为遗传隔离的……。”选项A. development 发展;B. origin 起源;C. consequence 结果; D. instrument 工具,器皿。此处与第15题形成“对应结构”,前后呼应,“前者归因于社会影响,例如重视教育的优良传统。” “后者被认为是遗传隔离的结果”。因此,正确答案为C。
    
    18.【解析】[A] 词汇辨析题。本题目选择动词,在句子中充当谓语。选项A. linked 两者之间的关联或联系;B. integrated 两者结合为一个整体;C. woven (原形 weave;过去式wove) 摇摆;D. combined 两者结合,连接。句子表达的含义为“智力和疾病是紧密相关的”。因此,正确答案为A。integrate隐含“部分是整体不可缺少的”,而intelligence和disease 是两类不同属性的事物;weave通常表示“编入”,意为“相互交织的”。
    
    19.【解析】[B] 语义衔接/固定搭配题。本题目选择动词,在句子中构成固定搭配,充当谓语。His argument is that the unusual history of these people hasthem to unique evolutionary pressures “他的观点是,这些人非同寻常的经历使其更容易遭受独特的进化压力”。选项A. limited to 局限于, 限制(只能构成be limited to短语,被限制在……);B. subjected to 使遭受(经受),屈服(subject…to…使……屈服于……);C. converted to 转变为,改变;D. directed to 指向,导向。选项B符合题意。
    
    20.【解析】[A] 词汇辨析/语义衔接题。His argument is that the unusual history of these people hasthem to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in thisstate of affairs.“他的观点是,这些人非同寻常的经历使其更容易遭受独特的进化压力,而这些压力导致了这种似乎矛盾的状况”。本文一方面说,这类人贡献很大;但另一方面他们经受的独特的进化压力使他们更容易患上恶性疾病,看似矛盾,令人困惑,故A项正确。
    
    
    参考译文
    
    有关某些群体比其他群体更为聪明的观点是一个无人敢于说出来的假想。然而,格雷戈里·科克伦已经准备好将之公之于众。这人世间少见,是一个不隶属于任何机构的独立科学家。正是他推广了这一观点,即某些最初并不认为是细菌性的疾病其实是传染性的,这种观点刚一提出就引起了很大的争论。
    
    然而,即使是他,有时候也为他将要做的事情感到不寒而栗。他与另外两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文,不仅声称一个群体的人比其他人更为聪明,而且还解释了这种现象的形成过程。其所谈论的更加聪明的群体来自于中欧的一个特殊民族。 这个过程是自然选择。
    
    这个群体通常在智商测试中表现良好,得分比100分的平均分高出12到15分,并且在西方的知识和文化领域做出了巨大贡献。正如他们中的精英人物(包括几位知名的科学家在内)的一生所证实的那样。他们也更为经常地受到一些诸如乳腺癌等遗传疾病的影响。但是,以前人们并不认为这些事实具有相关性。前者归因于社会影响,例如重视教育的传统。后者则被看作是基因隔离的结果。Cochran博士认为智商与疾病是密切相关的。他认为这些人群不同寻常的历史使得他们承受了独特的进化压力,从而导致了这种矛盾的状态。 

    2007年考研英语完形填空真题解析
    
    By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.
    
    On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.
    
    The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.
    
    
    1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals
    
    2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully
    
    3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected
    
    4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted
    
    5. [A] access[B] succession [C] right[D] return
    
    6. [A] Presumable [B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally
    
    7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical
    
    8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform
    
    9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover
    
    10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by
    
    11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded
    
    12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While
    
    13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against
    
    14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence
    
    15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish
    
    16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised
    
    17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original
    
    18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher
    
    19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred
    
    20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared for
    
    
    文章背景
    
    本文主要介绍了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地在获得独立后在政治宗教以及信念各个方面对未来的展望。虽然他们的领导人拥有共同的信念,即建立一个独立自主的国家,同时在经济上能够养活自己的国民,但在宗教自由以及教会的地位问题上,领导阶层之间的意见就不那么一致了。
    
    文章结构
    
    第一段:主要从政治方面进行叙述
    
    By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations loved 2 to the future. (总述)
    
    many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals…(分述)
    
    6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states…(分述)
    
    第二段:主要从宗教方面进行叙述
    
    On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less…
    
    第二段:主要从殖民地领导人的理想方面叙述
    
    On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less… 

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